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EC number: 235-762-5 | CAS number: 12672-27-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Basic data given.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effects of Chronic Exposure to Cobalt Chloride on the Fertility and testes in Mice
- Author:
- Elbetieha, A. et al.
- Year:
- 2 007
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 2(1): 01-06
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The effect of 12-week ingestion of cobalt chloride on the fertility of male mice is investigated in a drinking water study with 3 different concentrations. After the exposure period, the male mice are mated with untreated females.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- IUPAC Name:
- cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- Reference substance name:
- 7791-13-1
- EC Number:
- 616-574-6
- Cas Number:
- 7791-13-1
- IUPAC Name:
- 7791-13-1
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): cobalt chloride hexahydrate
- Analytical purity: no data
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- Swiss
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology
- Age at study initiation: 60 days
- Weight at study initiation: approx. 32 g
- Diet: standard receipes (manufactured by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan); ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 ± 1
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 12 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily via drinking water
- Duration of test:
- males: 12 weeks treatment, 10 days post-treatment (mating period)
females: no treatment, mated females were killed 20 days after mating
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
200, 400 and 800 ppm (corresponding to 25.66 ± 2.34, 46.91 ± 4.78 and 93.01 ± 6.76 mg/kg bw/day, respectively)
Basis:
nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 males per dose
(after exposure every male was caged with 2 untreated females for mating) - Control animals:
- other: plain water
- Details on study design:
- Cobalt-exposed and control males were sacrificed after 12 weeks of cobalt chloride ingestion and the 10 day period of mating.
Examinations:
- Organ weights/evaluation: paired testes, seminal vesicles (stripped of seminal fluid), epididymides and preputial glands
- Testicular and epididymal sperm counts
- Histological evaluation of testes
Females were sacrificed, 10 days after end of the mating period.
Examinations: number of pregnant females, number of implantation sites/females, number of viable fetuses/females, number of resorptions, and number of females with resorptions - Statistics:
- Differences between control and test groups were analyzed using either Student's t-test or Fisher's exact test using StatMost 2.5 Windows software/DataMost Corporation. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results and discussion
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- fertility
- Effect level:
- 25.7 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: decreased sperm counts (decreased implantations, increased number of resorptions, decreased number of viable fetuses)
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- fertility
- Effect level:
- 6.4 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Co
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: decreased sperm counts (decreased implantations, increased number of resorptions, decreased number of viable fetuses)
Observed effects
- Mortality: 2/10 and 1/10 animals died in the 800 and 400 ppm group, respectively (during the 10th week)
- Clinical signs of toxicity: none
- Body weight gain: reduced compared to control group in all treated animals
- Average daily fluid intake: reduced compared to control group in all test groups
Effects on fertility
- No. pregnant females: reduced in females mated with males of the 400 (66.7%) and 800 (43.8%) ppm groups (control group: 95%)
- No. of implantations: reduced in females mated with males of the 200 (5.67 ± 2.02) and 400 (5.42 ± 1.68) ppm groups (control group: 7.89 ± 2.38)
- No. of viable fetuses: reduced in females mated with males of all treatment groups (5.00 ± 2.14, 4.67 ± 1.83 and 5.83 ± 1.94 in the 200, 400 and 800 ppm group, respectively; control group: 7.74 ± 2.4)
- Total no. of resorptions and no. of animals with resorptions: increased in females mated with exposed males of all treatment groups (no. resorptions/no. implantation sites: 3/150, 9/81, 9/65 and 10/45 in the control, 200, 400 and 800 ppm group, respectively; % animals with resorptions: 16%, 67%, 63% and 70% in the control, 200, 400 and 800 ppm group, respectively)
Effects on reproductive organs
- Organ weights: decreased absolute epididymal weights at 800 ppm, significantly decreased testes weights in all dose groups, significant increase in absolute weight of seminal vesicles at 400 and 800 ppm, increased relative weights of preputial glands at 400 ppm
- Testicular and epididymal sperm counts: decreased epididymal sperm counts in all dose groups (86.7%, 86.2% and 78.1% of the control value with increasing dose); decreased testicular sperm counts at 400 and 800 ppm (77.4% and 74.1% of the control value, respectively), decreased daily sperm production at 400 and 800 ppm (64.2% and 57.4% of the control value, respectively)
- Histology of testis: necrosis of both the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue, congested blood vessels, hypertrophy of the interstitial Leydig cells and degeneration of the spermatogonial cells in all sections of testes collected from mice of the 400 and 800 ppm groups
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Details on results: reproductiv organs
Treatment (ppm) |
No. of males |
Epididymis weight (mg) |
Testes weight (g) |
Seminal vesicles weight (g) |
Preputial gland weight (g) |
Control (water) |
10 |
32.31 ± 1.66 |
0.21± 0.01 (57.75 ± 3.89) |
0.13± 0.02 (36.36 ± 6.82) |
0.096 ± 0.01 (26.07 ± 2.51) |
200 |
10 |
31.88 ± 1.46 |
0.19± 0.01** (55.45 ± 3.18) |
0.13± 0.03 (35.57 ± 7.46) |
0.107 ± 0.015 (30.44 ± 4.86)* |
400 |
9 |
31.75 ± 1.45 |
0.18± 0.01*** (53.08 ± 3.33)* |
0.20± 0.02** (61.91 ± 8.24)*** |
0.096 ± 0.016 (29.32 ± 5.90) |
800 |
8 |
29.80 ± 0.93*** |
0.15± 0.02**** (46.28 ± 7.31)*** |
0.23± 0.07*** (68.32 ± 21.94)*** |
0.094 ± 0.023 (28.81 ± 7.13) |
Results are expressed as mean ± SD
Results in brackets: relative organ weights, expressed as mg/10g bw
* p < 0.5, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.005, **** p < 0.0001 (student’s t-test)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Long-term exposure of adult male mice to cobalt chloride hexahydrate adversely affected various fertility parameters.
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