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EC number: 284-895-5 | CAS number: 84989-06-0 The fraction of tar acids, rich in 2,4- and 2,5-dimethylphenol, recovered by distillation of low-temperature coal tar crude tar acids.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 3.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 2,4-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 3.7 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US-EPA: Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0, 5.2, 8.6, 14.4, 24.0 and 40.0 mg/L
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- Source: well water, 707.3 mg CaCO3/l
- Test temperature:
- 14 °C
- pH:
- 8.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.5 mg/l (84.5% of saturation)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 28.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Pimephales promelas
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Reliability according to OECD/ICCA HPVC Program 1 (reliable without restrictions)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5 °C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other test substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of p-cresol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 5 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- 5 concentrations in the range of 11.8 to 66.2 mg/l tested (plus control)
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- 28 d old; mean length: 20.9 mm; mean weight: 0.134 g
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Hardness:
- Lake Superior water: hardness 47.9 mg CaCO3/l; alkalinity 44.1 mg CaCO3/l;
- Test temperature:
- 24.1 °C
- pH:
- pH 7.79
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.0 mg/l
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
confidence limits (95%):
LC50 = EC50 = 15.9 - 17.0 mg/l
Affected fish lost schooling behaviour and swam near the
tank surface. They were hyperactive and overreactive to
external stimuli. They had increased respiration,
convulsions, and rigid musculature. Some hemorrhaging was
also apparent. They were deformed and lost equilibrium prior
to death.- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
No precision qualifier reported
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- stock solutions were prepared with 50:50 acetone:water solution
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see results
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 2- to 9-inch - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 12 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 9.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 6.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Cyprinus carpio
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 15.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Pimephales promelas
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 57.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Ictalurus melas
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 39.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Ictalurus punctatus
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Lepomis macrochirus
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Perca fluviatilis
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The statistical methods of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949) were used for determining LC50 values, slope functions, and 95-percent confidence intervals.
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Table 1: Test material concentrations (mg/L) in test solutions determined by fluorometric analysis during the experiments (Control = test solution without eggs).
Compound
Control
Cod
Sea urchin
1 day
4 days
2 days
4 days
2 days
4 days
Phenol
10.27
9.69
10.66
7.67
10.41
10.39
o-cresol
10.17
9.88
10.84
8.45
10.45
9.97
m-cresol
10.44
10.46
10.30
10.06
10.42
10.20
p-cresol
10.30
10.36
11.17
10.59
10.78
10.38
2,3-xylenol
9.48
10.33
10.39
9.08
10.82
9.78
2,4-xylenol
10.11
10.34
10.91
7.27
10.67
9.78
2,5-xylenol
10.37
10.59
10.44
8.68
10.69
10.37
2,6-xylenol
10.34
7.45
10.37
9.09
10.53
9.24
3,4-xylenol
10.37
10.30
10.65
8.32
10.78
10.53
3,5-xylenol
10.48
10.34
10.10
8.56
10.59
9.73
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of p-cresol to fish was determined with a static bioassay on several freshwater species. The highest toxicity is a 96h LC50 value of 4.4 mg/L with Salmo trutta (Howland, 1969).
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- determination of oxygen consumption as a measure for toxic effect
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Lepidocephalichthys guntea (freshwater fish)
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Hardness:
- 80-86 mgL CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 27-29 °C
- pH:
- 7.0-7.3
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 7.0-7.2 mg/L
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
RS-Freetext:
LC50 (24 h) = 21.0 (16.42 - 26.86) mg/l
LC50 (48 h) = 18.0 (14.70 - 22.03) mg/l
LC50 (72 h) = 16.0 (13.20 - 19.39) mg/l
LC50 (96 h) = 14.0 (11.82 - 16.58) mg/l- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Test Procedure of the Abwasserabgabengesetzentwurf (Deutscher Bundestag 1974)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Basic data given
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Gambusia affinis
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 33 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: IUCLID4 note: "c" (calculated)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- US EPA, Methods for acute toxicity tests with fish, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians. Nat. Environm. Res. Center, Corvallis (1974)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Details on test organisms:
- Mean length/mean weight of Onkorhynchus mykiss: 7.9 cm/6.0 g
Mean length/mean weight of Pimephales promelas: 4.9 cm/1.6 g - Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- Source: well water, 707.3 mg CaCO3/l, Conductance: 1212.3 µmhos/cm at 25 degrees C
- Test temperature:
- 14 °C
- pH:
- 8.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.5 mg/l (84.5% of saturation)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 55.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Pimephales promelas
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
- sublethal effects of Oncorhynchus mykiss: hyperactivity, rapid operculation,
sensitive to disturbance; unusual gathering at the surfacesublethal effects of Pimephales promelas: loss of equilibrium, erratic swiming and
twitching at a test substance concentration of 49.8 mg/LReliability according to OECD/ICCA HPVC Program 1 (reliable without restrictions)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 30 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of m-cresol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) > 30 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- stock solutions were prepared with 50:50 acetone:water solution
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see results
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 2- to 9-inch - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 12 °C
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The statistical methods of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949) were used for determining LC50 values, slope functions, and 95-percent confidence intervals.
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Table 1: Test material concentrations (mg/L) in test solutions determined by fluorometric analysis during the experiments (Control = test solution without eggs).
Compound
Control
Cod
Sea urchin
1 day
4 days
2 days
4 days
2 days
4 days
Phenol
10.27
9.69
10.66
7.67
10.41
10.39
o-cresol
10.17
9.88
10.84
8.45
10.45
9.97
m-cresol
10.44
10.46
10.30
10.06
10.42
10.20
p-cresol
10.30
10.36
11.17
10.59
10.78
10.38
2,3-xylenol
9.48
10.33
10.39
9.08
10.82
9.78
2,4-xylenol
10.11
10.34
10.91
7.27
10.67
9.78
2,5-xylenol
10.37
10.59
10.44
8.68
10.69
10.37
2,6-xylenol
10.34
7.45
10.37
9.09
10.53
9.24
3,4-xylenol
10.37
10.30
10.65
8.32
10.78
10.53
3,5-xylenol
10.48
10.34
10.10
8.56
10.59
9.73
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of m-cresol to fish was determined with a static bioassay on several freshwater species. The highest toxicity is a 96h LC50 value of 7.6 mg/L with Salvelinus fontinalis (Howland, 1969).
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1974
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- similar to standard static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 19 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
RS-Freetext:
LC50 (1 h) = 30 mg/l
LC50 (24 h) = 26 mg/l
LC50 (48 h) = 21 mg/l
LC50 (72 h) = 21 mg/l
concentrations are nominal values
endpoint: complete immobilization, equated to death
O2 was =< 4 mg/l during the test- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Test Procedure of the Abwasserabgabengesetzentwurf (Deutscher Bundestag 1974)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 17 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay according to Saarikoski and Viluksela 1981
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Poecilia reticulata
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 26 +/- 1
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 23.12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Pruefrichtlinie UBA (summer 1980)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 15.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 30 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 3,5-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) > 30 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US-EPA: Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0, 10.5, 16.1, 24.8, 38.2, 58.9
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 2,3-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 13 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 2,6-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 4 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- other: secondary source
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not specifified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 8 d
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 27 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 12th Ed. Amer. Public Hlth. Assn., Amer. Water Works Assn., and Water Polln. Control Fed., New York (1965)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Lepomis macrochirus
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: TLm
- Effect conc.:
- 11.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: 100% survival
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
TLm: median tolerance limit
Interpreted as LC0, since the endpoint is related to 100% survival
Another value, obtained from literature is reported:
TLm = 10.9 mg/l.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Ictalurus punctatus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 15.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 69 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 69 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 66.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 69 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 15.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Results are reported as LD (lethal dose).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- concentrations were monitored by HPLC or GC daily during the test
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- Source: well water, 707.3 mg CaCO3/l
- Test temperature:
- 14 °C
- pH:
- 8.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.5 mg/l (84.5% of saturation)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 18.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Pimephales promelas
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Reliability according to OECD/ICCA HPVC Program 1 (reliable without restrictions)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- APHA: Standard Methods for the examination of water and Waste Water (1980)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Sarotherodon mossambicus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 23.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- daily
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5 °C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other test substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of o-cresol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 12 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US-EPA: Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: bioassay test
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- NaOH was used to increase the solubility of the test substance. The pH of the stock solution was then adjusted to that of lake water.
5 concentrations in the range of 8.26 to 46.4 mg/l tested (plus control) - Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Details on test organisms:
- 29 d old; mean length: 17.9 mm; mean weight: 0.083 g
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- Lake Superior water: hardness 46.8 mg CaCO3/l; alkalinity 44.4 mg CaCO3/l;
- Test temperature:
- 24.6 °C
- pH:
- pH 7.7
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 6.9 mg/l
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- behaviour
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
confidence limits (95%):
LC50 = EC50 = 13.2 - 14.8 mg/l
Affected fish lost schooling behaviour and swam near the
tank surface. They were hyperactive and overreactive to
external stimuli. They had increased respiration. They were also darkly colored. Equilibrium loss was not observed prior death.- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- stock solutions were prepared with 50:50 acetone:water solution
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see results
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 12 °C
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 6.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salmo trutta
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 9.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 8.6 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 6 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Salvelinus fontinalis
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The statistical methods of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949) were used for determining LC50 values, slope functions, and 95-percent confidence intervals.
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Table 1: Test material concentrations (mg/L) in test solutions determined by fluorometric analysis during the experiments (Control = test solution without eggs).
Compound
Control
Cod
Sea urchin
1 day
4 days
2 days
4 days
2 days
4 days
Phenol
10.27
9.69
10.66
7.67
10.41
10.39
o-cresol
10.17
9.88
10.84
8.45
10.45
9.97
m-cresol
10.44
10.46
10.30
10.06
10.42
10.20
p-cresol
10.30
10.36
11.17
10.59
10.78
10.38
2,3-xylenol
9.48
10.33
10.39
9.08
10.82
9.78
2,4-xylenol
10.11
10.34
10.91
7.27
10.67
9.78
2,5-xylenol
10.37
10.59
10.44
8.68
10.69
10.37
2,6-xylenol
10.34
7.45
10.37
9.09
10.53
9.24
3,4-xylenol
10.37
10.30
10.65
8.32
10.78
10.53
3,5-xylenol
10.48
10.34
10.10
8.56
10.59
9.73
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of o-cresol to fish was determined with a static bioassay on several freshwater species. The highest toxicity is a 96h LC50 value of 6.2 mg/L with Salmo trutta (Howland, 1969).
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 11th Ed., Amer. Pub. Health Assn., New York
(1960) - GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 12.55 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Pimephales promelas
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 20.78 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Lepomis macrochirus
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 23.25 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Carassius auratus
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 18.85 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Lebistes reticulata
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13.42 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: in hard water; Pimephales promelas
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Results are reported as TLM (median tolerance limits).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: Test Procedure of the Abwasserabgabengesetzentwurf (Deutscher Bundestag 1974)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Leuciscus idus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- static bioassay
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: tap water; Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOLC Oncorhynchus mykiss
- Effect conc.:
- 3.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 41 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dutch standard water; Oryzias latipes
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOLC: Oryzias latipes
- Effect conc.:
- 32 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 34 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: Dutch standard water; Pimephales promelas
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOLC: Pimephales promelas
- Effect conc.:
- 30 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Further results, obtained from literature are reported:
Leuciscus idus: 48 -LC50 = 18 mg/l
Poecilia reticulata: 48h-LC50 = 38 mg/l (48h-NOLC = 27 mg/l)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: DIN 38412
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: see below
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- pH:
- 7.5 +/-0.3
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Danio rerio
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 24 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Danio rerio
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC100
- Effect conc.:
- 30 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Danio rerio
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: ; Leuciscus idus
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 3,4-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 13 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Data from handbook.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Pimephales promelas
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Incubation of fertilized fish eggs in seawater containing test substance. 96-hour EC50 values were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- 100 mL filtered seawater mixed with test substance.
- Test organisms (species):
- Gadus morrhua
- Details on test organisms:
- Fertilized eggs were exposed.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- Eggs were exposed for 4 days, starting during first day after fertilization. Additionally one experimental series carried out on fish eggs during organogenesis (on days 12-16 after fertilization) and one series on fish larvae from six days after hatching.
- Test temperature:
- 5° C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 30 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - 50 eggs or 20 larvae were placed in test beakers
- Beakers were covered with aluminium foil - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- several other substances
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: death, pathology, inhibition of cleavage and differentiation, pigment defects
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
In parallel tests with larvae (6 days after hatching) pigmentation was totally inhibited at 10 and 30 mg/L. Exposure to 3 mg/L gave only poor pigmentation and at 1 mg/L larvae were already paler than the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Executive summary:
Effects of 2,5-xylenol to different life stages were measured in a non-guideline study using fertilized fish eggs and larvae of Gadus morrhua. The eggs and larvae were monitored for sublethal effects. An EC50 (96h) of 13 mg/L was derived.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 14 - 26 Mar 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted July 17, 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.1 (Acute Toxicity for Fish)
- Version / remarks:
- May 30, 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: All test concentrations and the control.
- Sampling method: Duplicate samples were taken at the start of from the freshly prepared test media. At test end duplicate samples were collected at the end of the test (after 96 h) from the approximate centre of the aquaria. The samples of 10 mg test item/L were already taken after 24 h because all fish were dead.
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: The samples from test start were stored in a refrigerator (4 °C), protected from light until analysis was performed.
- Others: From the test start samples the samples of the concentration of 5 mg test item/l and one of the samples of 2.5 mg test item/L were not analysed because of damage. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: A stock solution of 300 mg test item/L was prepared by dissolving 320.8 mg test item into 1069.33 mL test water by intense stirring for 10 min. Adequate volumes of this stock solution were diluted with test water to prepare the test media of the desired test concentrations.
- Controls: In the control, test water was used without addition of the test item.
- Evidence of undissolved material: The test media were clear and colourless. - Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Rainbow trout
- Source: Forellenzuchtbetrieb Störk, 88348 Bad Saulgau, Germany
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): Juveniles
- Length at study initiation: 5.28 cm ± 0.2 cm
- Weight at study initiation: 1.48 g ± 0.2 g
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: least 12 days
- Acclimation conditions: They were held in water of the quality to be used in the test for at least seven days immediately before testing under the following conditions: 16 hours photoperiod daily, 13 - 17 °C, at least 80% of the air saturation value,
- Feeding frequency during acclimation: Three times per week or daily until 24 h before the test was started.
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): During the last 7 days prior to the start of the test no fish (0%) died.
FEEDING DURING TEST : no feeding during the test
- Frequency: Three times per week or daily until 24 hours before the test was started - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 2.5 mmol/L (= 250.0 mg/L) as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 13.5 - 13.7 (Control)
13.4 - 13.9 (Test Item concentrations) - pH:
- 7.6 - 7.8 (Control)
7.6 - 7.8 (Test Item concentrations) - Dissolved oxygen:
- 97 - 100% (Control)
95 - 100% (Test Item concentrations) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Type: open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 16 litre glass aquaria with 12 litre test medium
- Aeration: The test media were slightly aerated during the test.
- No. of organisms per vessel: 7
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
- Biomass loading rate: 0.865 g fish/L test water
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: In deionised water (conductivity ≤ 10 µScm-1) analytical grade salts were added.
- Alkalinity: 0.8 mmol/L
- Ca/mg ratio: 4:1 (based on molarity)
- Na/K ratio: 10:1 (based on molarity)
- Culture medium different from test medium: No
- Intervals of water quality measurement: The water temperature, pH-values and the dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined daily in the test media of each treatment group.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h light : 8 h dark; 30 min dawn/dusk period was provided
- Light intensity: 510 to 660 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: The test fish were observed at test start and after approximately 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h test duration for sublethal effects and mortality. Dead fish were removed at least once daily and discarded.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2
- Range finding study: Yes, a non-GLP test was performed - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Details on results:
- - Biological observations: At the concentrations up to 5.0 mg test item/L, all fish survived until the end of the experiment and no signs of intoxication occurred. At 10.0 mg test item/L, all fish were dead after 24 hours.
- Mortality of control: In the control all fish survived until the end of the experiment and no signs of intoxication occurred. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The LC50 was calculated as the geometric mean of the lowest concentration causing no mortality (5.0 mg test item/L) and the lowest concentration resulting in 100 % mortality (10.0 mg test item/L). The NOEC, the LOEC, the LC0 and the LC100 were determined directly from the raw data.
The software used to perform the statistical analysis was ToxRat Professional, Version 3.2.1, ToxRat® Solutions GmbH. - Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
Biological Results:
Table 1: Observed Mortality
Nominal Concentration
Mortality
mg test item/L
0 h
2 h
24 h
48 h
72 h
96 h
# mort
# mort
# mort
# mort
# mort
# mort
Control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.63
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
7
7
7
7
LC50 [mg test item/L]
n.d.
n.d.
7.07
7.07
7.07
7.07
95 % CI mg test item/L]
n.d.
n.d.
5.0 - 10.0
5.0 - 10.0
5.0 - 10.0
5.0 - 10.0
# mort:Cumulative number of dead fish; n.d.: not determinable; CI.: Confidence intervalValues refer to nominal test concentrations.
Table 2: Cumulative mortality and Sublethal Effects
Mortality and Sublethal Effects
Nominal Concentrations [mg test item/L]
Time
Control
0.63
1.25
2.5
5.0
10
0 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
0
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
0
symp
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
0
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
7
symp
-
-
-
-
-
TS,DC,DA
24 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
7
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
0
symp
-
-
-
-
-
-
48 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
7
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
0
symp
-
-
-
-
-
-
72 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
7
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
0
symp
-
-
-
-
-
-
96 h
#mort
0
0
0
0
0
7
#symp
0
0
0
0
0
0
symp
-
-
-
-
-
-
# mort:Cumulative number of dead fish
# symp: Number of fish with sublethal effects
DA: distended abdomen
DC: dark colouration
TS: tumbling during swimming
Analytical Results:
The quantification of the carbon content of the test item Tar acid xylenol fraction, 2,4/2,5 rich in the test samples was performed by analysing the Total Organic Carbon content (TOC). The loading rates of the carbon content of the test item were determined in the duplicate test media samples from test loading rates 0.63, 1.25 and 10 mg test item/L and the duplicate control samples from all sampling times. One of the duplicate samples of test start and the duplicate samples of test end of the concentration of 2.5 mg test item/L as well as the duplicate samples of the aged test media of the samples of 5 mg test item/L were analysed. The mean measured values of the quantifiable samples are 8.16 mg Carbon/L in the samples of 10 mg test item/L , 4.02 mg test item/L in the samples of 5.0 mg test item/L, 1.89 mg test item/L in the samples of 2.5 mg test item/L and 1.13 mg test item/L in the samples of 1.25 mg test item/L.
Table 3: Summary of Analytical Results
Sample Description
Total Organic Carbon
nominal concentration
TOC
RSD
[mg test item/L]
[mg Carbon/L]1
[%]
n
Control
n.a.
n.a.
4
0.63
<LOQ
n.a.
4
1.25
1.13
9
4
2.5
1.89
5
3
5.0
4.02
1
2
10
8.16
2
4
1mean value of all measured samples per treatment group
RSD: relative standard deviation per treatment group
n: number of analysed samples
n.a.: not applicable
Table 4: Validity criteria
Criterion from the guideline
Outcome
Validity criterion fulfilled
The mortality in the control(s) should not exceed 10% (or one fish if less than ten are used) at the end of the test
0%
Yes
The dissolved oxygen concentration must have been at least 60 per cent of the air
saturation value throughout the test
Did not fall below 95%
Yes
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further details please refer to “Any other information on results incl. tables”.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- other: secondary source
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not specifified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Carassius auratus
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: effect value originally reproted as TLm
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- other: secondayr source
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- not specifified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Pseudopleuronectes americanus
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- - unaerated
- survival measured at four periods during the exposure period from 24 to 96 hours post treatment - Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Based on all available information (weight-of-evidence) and following a worst case approach the 96h freshwater LC50 of 4.4 mg/L determined for Salmo trutta (Howland, 1969) for p-cresol and the 96h saltwater EC50 of 3.7 mg/L determined with eggs of Gadus morrhua (Falk-Petersen et al., 1985) for 2,4-xylenol represent the most sensitive effect values for acute toxicity to fish for constituents of Tar acids, Xylenol fraction (CAS 84989-06-0) and are considered key values for the chemical safety assessment. This values are slightly lower than the LC50 96h of 7.07 mg/L (nominal) determined for the UVCB mixture Tar acids, Xylenol fraction (CAS 84989-06-0) as a whole (Lührs & Scheider, 2019).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water fish
Fresh water fish
- Effect concentration:
- 4.4 mg/L
Marine water fish
Marine water fish
- Effect concentration:
- 3.7 mg/L
Additional information
One experimental study is available investigating the short-term toxicity of Tar acids, Xylenol fraction (CAS 84989-06-0) to freshwater fish (Lührs & Schneider, 2019). The study was performed under static conditions according to OECD guideline 203 and GLP. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was exposed to nominal test item concentrations of 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/L. The exposure concentrations during the test were verified by total organic carbon measurements. The analysed concentrations of the carbon content of the test item were within ± 20% of the measured initial concentrations during the test. In the control and at the concentrations up to 5.0 mg test item/L, all fish survived until the end of the experiment and no signs of intoxication occurred. At 10.0 mg test item/L, all fish were dead after 24 hours. The LC50 (96h) was determined to be 7.07 mg/L (geometric mean of the lowest concentration causing no mortality (5.0 mg test item/L) and the lowest concentration resulting in 100 % mortality (10 mg test item/L)).
Numerous further data on the acute toxicity to fish are available for constituents of Tar acids, Xylenol fraction (CAS 84989-06-0). The determined effect values (LC50, 96h) for acute toxicity to fish ranges between 3.7 mg/L and 33 mg/L. As a worst case approach the lowest effect values of the constituents were considered key values for the chemical safety assessment by applying a weight of evidence and an analogue read-across approach. The most sensitive value for freshwater was determined for Salmo trutta with an LC50 (96h) of 4.4 mg/L for p-cresol (Howland, 1969). For saltwater the most sensitive effect value is an EC50 (96h) of 3.7 mg/L determined for 2,4-xylenol in a fish egg test with Gadus morrhua (Falk-Petersen et al., 1985). These values are considered for PNEC derivation and risk assessment and for deriving environmental classification. For details on the read-across approach please refer to the analogue justification provided in IUCLID section 13.
Acute effect value determined for Tar acids, Xylenol fraction:
Source |
* |
Species |
|
Lührs & Scheider, 2019 |
f |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
LC50 (96h) = 7.07 mg/L |
Acute effect values determined in the numerous studies available on constituents of Tar acids, Xylenol fraction:
Source |
* |
Species |
p-cresol |
m-cresol |
o-cresol |
Howland, 1969 |
f |
various species |
LC50 (96h) = 4.4 mg/L |
LC50 (96h) = 7.6 mg/L |
LC50 (96h) = 6.2 mg/L |
DeGraeve et al., 1980 |
f |
various species |
LC50 (96h) = 7.9 mg/L |
LC50 (96h) = 8.9 mg/L |
LC50 (96h) = 8.4 mg/L |
Saarikorski & Viluksela, 1982 |
f |
Poecilia reticulataoecilia reticulata |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 23.12 mg/L |
- |
Wellens, 1982 |
f |
Danio rerio |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 15.9 mg/L |
LC50 (96h) = 24 mg/L |
Ruebelt et al., 1982 |
f |
Leuciscus idus |
LC50 (48h) = 11 mg/L |
LC50 (48h) = 17 mg/L |
LC50 (48h) = 14 mg/L |
Hodson et al., 1984 |
f |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
LC50 (96h) = 7.5 mg/L |
- |
- |
Kanabur & Sangli, 1998 |
f |
Lepidocephalichthys guntea |
LC50 (96h) = 14 mg/L |
- |
- |
Mattson et al., 1976 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
LC50 (96h) = 19 mg/L |
- |
- |
Sangli & Kanabur, 2000 |
f |
Gambusia affinis |
LC50 (96h) = 33 mg/L |
- |
- |
Geiger et al., 1986 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
LC50 (96h) = 16.5 mg/L |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 14 mg/L |
Buzzel et al., 1968 |
f |
Lepomis macrochirus |
- |
- |
TLM (96h) > 11.5 mg/L |
Devi & Sastri, 1987 |
f |
Sarotherodon mossambicus |
- |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 23.5 mg/L |
Slooff et al., 1982-1983 |
f |
various species |
- |
- |
LC50 (48h) = 13 mg/L |
Pickering & Henderson, 1966 |
f |
various species |
- |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 12.55 mg/L |
Clemens & Sneed, 1959 |
f |
Ictalurus punctatus |
- |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 11.2 mg/L |
Falk-Petersen et al., 1985 |
m |
Gadus morrhua (eggs) |
EC50 (96h) = 5 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) > 30 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) = 12 mg/L |
|
2,3-xylenol |
2,4-xylenol |
2,5-xylenol |
||
Geiger et al., 1985 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 16.6 mg/L |
- |
Falk-Petersen et al., 1985 |
m |
Gadus morrhua (eggs) |
EC50 (96h) = 13 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) = 3.7 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) = 13 mg/L |
2,6-xylenol |
3,4-xylenol |
3,5-xylenol |
|||
SIDS, 2010 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
LC50 (96h) > 27 mg/L |
- |
- |
SIDS, 2010 |
f |
Carassius auratus |
- |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 22 mg/L |
SIDS, 2010 |
m |
Pseudopleuronectes americanus |
LC50 (96h) = 12 mg/L |
- |
- |
Verschueren, 1983 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
- |
LC50 (96h) = 14 mg/L |
- |
Falk-Petersen et al., 1985 |
m |
Gadus morrhua (eggs) |
EC50 (96h) = 4 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) = 13 mg/L |
EC50 (96h) > 30 mg/L |
4-ethylphenol |
|
||||
Geiger et al., 1986 |
f |
Pimephales promelas |
LC50 (96h) = 10.4 mg/L |
- |
- |
* f = freshwater, m = marine
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