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EC number: 701-337-2 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2018-2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Per ECHA decision number CCH-D-2114360752-49-01/F
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 019
- Report date:
- 2019
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Version / remarks:
- 1998
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- includes measurements of brain, plasma and erythrocytes CHE per ECHA request
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 3-[(diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy]phenyl diphenyl phosphate
- EC Number:
- 701-337-2
- Cas Number:
- not available
- Molecular formula:
- C30H24O8P2
- IUPAC Name:
- 3-[(diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy]phenyl diphenyl phosphate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Fyrolflex RDP
- Physical state: Liquid
- Lot/batch No.: Confidential information
- Storage condition of test material: In original container at room temperature
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Test item identity (including alternative names): Fyrolflex RDP, Tetraphenyl m-phenylene bis(phosphate), Phosphoric acid, 1,3-phenylene tetraphenyl ester
EC number 260-830-6
CAS number 57583-54-7
Intended use Industrial chemical -flame retardant.
Appearance: Clear pale yellow viscous liquid.
Storage conditions: At ambient temperature (10 to 30°C).
Batch number 17 185 K19
Expiry date 21 November 2019
Purity Considered to be 100%.
COA attached
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Animal Information
Age of the main study animals at start of treatment: 55 to 61 days.
Weight range of the main study animals at the start of treatment: Males: 270 to 378 g
Females: 186 to 260 g
Allocation Randomly allocated on arrival.
Using the sequence of cages in the battery, one animal at a time was placed in each cage with the procedure being repeated until each cage held the appropriate number of animals. Each sex was allocated separately.
Identification of animals Each animal was assigned a number and identified uniquely within the study by a microchip inserted shortly after arrival.
Identification of cages Each cage label was color-coded according to group and was numbered uniquely with cage and study number, as well as the identity of the occupants.
Animal Replacement
On Day 1 (before dosing) variations in body weight of the animals were checked to ensure that they did not exceed 20% of the mean for the appropriate sex. No replacements were necessary.
Animal Care and Husbandry
Environmental Control
Animal facilityLimited access - to minimize entry of external biological and chemical agents and to minimize the transference of such agents between rooms.
Air supply Filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated.
Temperature and relative humidity Monitored and maintained within the range of 20-24ºC and 40-70%.
On two occasions 30 April 2018 and 1 May 2018, the temperature was recorded at 19°C. Although conditions were occasionally outside the indicated ranges, these deviations were minor and of short duration and were not considered to have influenced the health of the animals and/or the outcome of the study.
Lighting Artificial lighting, 12 hours light : 12 hours dark.
Electricity supply Public supply with automatic stand-by generators.
3.4.2 Animal Accommodation
Cages Polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid, changed at appropriate intervals.
Cage distribution Males and females were blocked by group and the cages constituting each group were dispersed in batteries so that possible environmental influences arising from their spatial distribution were equilibrated, as far as was practicable. The positions of the cage batteries in the room were changed weekly, following a rotation plan, to further minimize possible effects of spatial variations.
Number of animals per cage Up to four of the same sex.
Bedding Wood based bedding which was changed at appropriate intervals each week.
3.4.3 Environmental Enrichment
Aspen chew block Provided to each cage throughout the study and replaced when necessary.
Plastic shelter Provided to each cage throughout the study and replaced when necessary.
3.4.4 Diet Supply
Diet Teklad 2014C Diet.
Availability Non-restricted (removed overnight before blood sampling for hematology or blood chemistry).
3.4.5 Water Supply
Supply Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes. Bottles were changed at appropriate intervals.
Availability Non-restricted.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Details on route of administration:
- Administration Route: Oral, by gavage, using a suitably graduated syringe and a rubber catheter inserted via the mouth., at constant doses in mg/kg.
Volume dose: 5 mL/kg body weight.
Individual dose volume Calculated from the most recently recorded scheduled body weight.
Control (Group 1 and 2) Vehicle at the same volume dose as the treated groups.
Frequency: Once daily at approximately the same time each day.
Formulation: Formulations were stirred using a magnetic stirrer before and throughout the dosing procedure.
A daily record of the usage of formulation was maintained based on weights. This balance was compared with the expected usage as a check of correct administration. No significant discrepancy was found. - Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The analytical procedure was successfully validated with respect to specificity of chromatographic analysis, limit of detection, linearity of detector response, repeatability and method accuracy and precision.
The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Fyrolflex RDP in corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL during distribution between the bottles, during magnetic stirring for 2 hours, ambient temperature storage for up to 1 day and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days.
The mean concentrations of Fyrolflex RDP in test formulations analyzed for the study were within +10/-15% of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation with the exception of Week 1 Group 4 that was -20.0%. The mean concentrations of Fyrolflex RDP are presented in Table 4 of Annex 2 (attached). - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Dose / conc.:
- 30 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- Fyrolflex RDP
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- Fyrolflex RDP
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- Fyrolflex RDP
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- Fyrolflex RDP
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Four groups (Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6), each comprising 10 male and 10 female Sprague Dawley rats, received Fyrolflex RDP at doses of 30, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day.
A similarly constituted control group received the vehicle, corn oil, at the same volume dose as treated groups.
A further 10 male and 10 female satellite animals were allocated to Group 1, a control group and Groups 3, 4 and 6.
A further 5 male and 5 female satellite animals were allocated to Group 5.
An additional 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to Group 2 as satellite animals as an additional control group. They were used for blood cholinesterase (plasma and erythrocyte) and brain cholinesterase evaluations. - Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- Rationale for Dose Level Selection
Dose levels of 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day were selected following completion of the preliminary 14-day Rangefinding (RF) study Envigo Study No. XD56VG (attached).In the RF study there were no effects considered as adverse on clinical condition, body weights, food consumption, blood chemistry or macropathology. Liver weights in the preliminary study were high at all dose levels and in both sexes, but as the enzymes indicative of liver damage were unaffected,
this was considered not sufficiently adverse to decrease the high dose for this study.
Inhibition of plasma cholinesterase was also noted in both sexes, however in the absence of any changes in cholinesterase activity in the brain and erythrocytesafter two weeks of treatment, the finding was also considered not adverse.
An additional vehicle Control group was incorporated to provide additional Control data for all cholinesterase assessments (in the absence of recent historical control data for this age range)
A fourth dose group was included to explore the broadest dose range, with the intention of identifying a NOAEL. Therefore, the high dose level for this study is
1000 mg/kg/day with the two intermediate and low dose levels chosen to facilitate the determination of a dose response.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Clinical Observations
Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupants. Any deviation from normal was recorded at the time in respect of nature and severity, date and time of onset, duration and progress of the observed condition, as appropriate. During the acclimatization period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.
Clinical Signs
A detailed weekly physical examination was performed on each animal to monitor general health.
Sensory Reactivity and Grip Strength
Sensory reactivity and grip strength assessments were performed (before dosing) on all animals during Week 12 of treatment.
The following measurements, reflexes and responses were recorded:
Approach response
Pinna reflex
Auditory startle reflex
Tail pinch response
Grip strength
Motor Activity - Sacrifice and pathology:
- All main study animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. After a review of the history of each animal, a full macroscopic examination of the tissues was performed. All external features and orifices were examined visually. Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue (external and cut surface) was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative.
The retained tissues were checked before disposal of the carcass.
Schedule Main study animals were killed following 13 weeks of treatment.
Sequence To allow satisfactory inter-group comparison. - Other examinations:
- Body Weight: The weight of each animal was recorded before treatment commenced (Day -5 for Groups 1, 3-6 only), on the day that treatment commenced (Week 0), weekly throughout the study and before necropsy.
Food Consumption: The weight of food supplied to each cage, that remaining and an estimate of any spilled was recorded before treatment started and for each week throughout the study.
Water Consumption: Fluid intake was assessed by daily visual observation. No significant effect was observed and consequently quantitative measurements were not performed.
Ophthalmic Examination: The eyes of the animals were examined by means of a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (at the discretion of the examining veterinary surgeon a slit-lamp biomicroscope may also be used).
Hematology, Peripheral Blood: Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food and prior to dosing
Blood Chemistry: Blood samples were collected after overnight withdrawal of food and prior to dosing.
Cholinesterase Analyses - Statistics:
- All statistical analyses were carried out separately for males and females using the individual animal as the basic experimental unit.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs associated with treatment. Clinical signs recorded in all groups are commonly occurring findings and the incidence and distribution were unrelated to treatment.
Signs associated with dosing included chin rubbing in 9/10 males and 6/10 females at 30 mg/kg/day and in all males and females at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day. This finding was also evident in 3/10 and 2/10 males in Control groups 1 and 2, respectively.
Salivation was evident in 4/10 males and 7/10 females at 100 mg/kg/day. At 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day, salivation was observed in all males and females.
These signs are considered to be reactions to the palatability of the test item, and not indicators of toxic effect. - Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- A statistical significant increase (114.9%, p<0.05) was identified between Control Group 1 and 2 for overall mean bodyweight change over Weeks 1-13 in males. This resulted in significantly low overall mean bodyweight gains over Weeks 13 at all treatment levels when compared to Control Group 2 (p<0.01) but since there was no significant difference from Control Group 1, the results for all but the high dose group were considered inconclusive. Only at 1000 mg/kg/day was overall mean bodyweight change over 13 Weeks significantly low when compared to both Control Group 1 (83.7%, p<0.05) and Control Group 2 (72.9%, p<0.01).
Over Weeks 1-4 of study, mean bodyweight gain in males at all treatment levels was slightly low when compared to Control Group 1 and significantly low (p<0.05 at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day: p<0.01 at 1000 mg/kg/day) when compared to the slightly higher gains observed in Control Group 2. Over Weeks 4-8, mean bodyweight gain in males at 300 mg/kg/day was significantly low when compared to Control Group 2 (p<0.01) and at 1000 mg/kg/day was statistically significantly low when compared to Control Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01).
Overall mean body weight gain for females at all dose levels was unaffected by treatment. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Overall mean food consumption over Weeks 1-13 identified a dose-dependent increase when compared to Control Group 1 (Males: 103.3, 104.7, 110.0 and 114.0%; Females: 103.9, 106.9, 109.8 and 117.6%) at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively. Although when compared to Control Group 2, only the food intake of males receiving 1000 mg/kg/day or females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day were slightly higher in value.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related ophthalmic findings. Any findings in Week 13 were observed prior to treatment, with the exception of one finding. The faint opacity of the cornea (right eye) of one male receiving 1000 mg/kg/day was an isolated, commonly occurring finding and, therefore, was considered due to biological variation.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The haematological examination of peripheral blood performed after 13 weeks of treatment revealed statistically significant low mean cell haemoglobin at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in males and at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in females (males: 94.3% (p<0.01), 93.8% (p<0.01); females: 97.0% (p<0.05), 95.4% (p<0.01) and 92.9% (p<0.01)), respectively, when compared with Control Group 1 and mean cell hemoglobin concentration at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in males and at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in females (males: 95.1% (p<0.01), 95.1% (p<0.01); females: 98.6% (p<0.05), 98.3% (p<0.05), 97.2% (p<0.01) and 96.0% (p<0.01), respectively, when compared with Control Group 1.
All inter-group differences, including those attaining statistical significance, were minor, confined to one sex or lacked dose-relationship and were therefore attributed to normal biological variation.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were some minor changes to clinical pathology parameters however the degree of change was minimal. The low alkaline phosphatase concentrations was indicative of an effect on liver function, however this was considered to be adaptive due to the type of histopathological changes seen.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Sensory reactivity (as measured by approach response, pinna reflex, auditory startle reflex, tail pinch response) and grip strength were unaffected by treatment with Fyrolflex RDP. As presented in Table 3, Appendix 3 of the full report.
Motor activity was unaffected by treatment with Fyrolflex RDP as indicated in Figure 1, Table 4, Appendix 4 of the attached full report. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mean adjusted liver weights showed a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in males and females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day (Males: 109.4% (p<0.05), 112.3% (p<0.01), 118.3% (p<0.01) and 130.0% (p<0.01); Females: 114.6% (p<0.01), 130.4% (p<0.01), 155.6% (p<0.01) and 155.6% (p<0.01)), respectively when compared with Control.
The mean adjusted adrenal weights showed a dose-dependent increase in females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day (103.5%, 115.8% (p<0.05), 117.5% (p<0.05) and 119.3% (p<0.05)), respectively when compared with Control, although no similar finding was evident in males.
All other organs were unaffected by treatment. (Table 10, Appendix 11 of the full report). - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Abnormally dark livers were seen in two females receiving 300 mg/kg/day and seven females receiving 1000 mg/kg/day.
The incidence and distribution of all other findings were considered to be unrelated to treatment.
There were some minor changes to clinical pathology parameters however the degree of change was minimal. The low alkaline phosphatase concentrations was indicative of an effect on liver function, however this was considered to be adaptive due to the type of histopathological changes seen. - Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minimal to slight hepatocyte hypertrophy was seen in the liver of males and females given 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day which correlated with high liver weights observed in both sexes and dark livers observed in 2 females receiving 300 mg/kg/day and 7 females receiving 1000 mg/kg/day. Diffuse hepatocyte hypertrophy of the liver is often due to an increase in activity of the hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes as a consequence of induced microsomal metabolism by the test substance and is considered an adaptive change (Greaves 2011).
Minimal or slight follicular cell hypertrophy was seen in the thyroids of almost all males and females given 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day. Hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the follicular epithelium in the thyroids is considered a secondary phenomenon due to altered clearance of thyroid hormones as a consequence of increased microsomal enzyme activity by the liver (Greaves 2011). This results in an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), causing follicular cell stimulation. This is supported by good correlation between liver and thyroid findings in individual animals of both sexes. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
Effect levels
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity was 1000 mg/kg/day. There was no adverse effect of treatment at any dose level, the detailed behavioral assessments were unaffected and there were no adverse histopathological findings.
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- No effects observed that were treatment related
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- System:
- other: No effects observed
- Organ:
- other: no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity was 1000 mg/kg/day. There was no adverse effect of treatment at any dose level, the detailed behavioral assessments were unaffected and there were no adverse histopathological findings.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Based on these results it was concluded that the no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity was 1000 mg/kg/day. There was no adverse effect of treatment at any dose
level, the detailed behavioral assessments were unaffected and there were no adverse histopathological findings. - Executive summary:
SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to assess the systemic toxic potential, including assessment of plasma, erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activity, of Fyrolflex RDP when administered to CD rats by oral gavage over a 13-week period.
Four groups (Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6), each comprising ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats, received Fyrolflex RDP at doses of 30, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day. A similarly constituted control group received the vehicle, corn oil, at the same volume dose as treated groups. A further ten male and ten female satellite animals were allocated to Group 1, a control group and Groups 3, 4 and 6. A further five male and five female satellite animals were allocated to Group 5. An additional ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to Group 2 as satellite animals as an additional control group. They were used for blood cholinesterase (plasma and erythrocyte) and brain cholinesterase evaluations.
During the study, clinical observations, sensory reactivity, grip strength, motor activity, body weight, food consumption, visual water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, hematology (peripheral blood), blood chemistry, blood and brain cholinesterase activity, organ weight,
macropathology and histopathology investigations were undertaken.
Results
The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Fyrolflex RDP in corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL during distribution between the bottles, during magnetic stirring for 2 hours, ambient temperature storage for up to 1 day and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days. The mean concentrations of Fyrolflex RDP in test formulations analyzed for the study were within +10/-15% of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation with the exception of Week 1 Group 4 that was -20.0%.
There were no deaths and no treatment related clinical signs were observed following dose administration. Dosing signs were limited to salivation at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day and chin rubbing in all treated groups, considered to be associated with palatability of the
formulated test material. There was no effect of treatment on sensory reactivity, grip strength, motor activity or
ophthalmic examination. The haematological examination of peripheral blood performed after 13 weeks of treatment revealed statistically significant low mean cell haemoglobin at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in males and at 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in females (males: 94.3% (p<0.01), 93.8%
(p<0.01); females: 97.0% (p<0.05), 95.4% (p<0.01) and 92.9% (p<0.01)), respectively, when compared with Control and mean cell hemoglobin concentration at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in males and at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day in females (males: 95.1% (p<0.01), 95.1%
(p<0.01); females: 98.6% (p<0.05), 98.3% (p<0.05), 97.2% (p<0.01) and 96.0% (p<0.01), respectively, when compared with Control.
Report Envigo Study Number: RD67DH Page 9.
The biochemical examination of the blood plasma performed during Week 13 of treatment for males and females revealed low or statistically significantly low alkaline phosphatase concentrations at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day (males: 87.3%, 73.5% (p<0.05), 88.2% (p<0.05), 71.6% (p<0.01); females: 51.3% (p<0.01), 46.3% (p<0.01), 38.8% (p<0.01) and 40.0% (p<0.01)), respectively, when compared with Control. Total protein values were statistically significantly increased in males and females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day
(males: 104.6% (p<0.05), 104.6% (p<0.05), 104.6% (p<0.05), 106.2 (p<0.01); females: 101.4%, 107.0% (p<0.05), 108.5% (p<0.01) and 114.1% (p<0.01)), respectively when compared with Control.
Statistically significant, dosage-related differences in mean plasma cholinesterase was evident in males and females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day when compared to both Control Groups. Mean erythrocyte cholinesterase was statistically significantly inhibited in
females at 1000 mg/kg/day when compared to Control Group 1 and 2 (71.8% p<0.05 and 65.1% p<0.01, respectively). At 1000 mg/kg/day, mean erythrocyte cholinesterase in males was also low when compared to Control Groups 1 and 2, however this was not statistically significant (79.8%
and 81.5%, respectively). Mean brain cholinesterase in males at 1000 mg/kg/day was statistically significantly low when compared to Control Group 2 (95.2% p<0.05), however there value was comparable to the Control Group 1 mean and no similar finding was evident in
females.
Mean adjusted liver weights showed a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in males and females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day (Males: 109.4% (p<0.05), 112.3% (p<0.01), 118.3% (p<0.01) and 130.0% (p<0.01); Females: 114.6% (p<0.01), 130.4%
(p<0.01), 155.6% (p<0.01) and 155.6% (p<0.01)), respectively when compared with Control.
The mean adjusted adrenal weights showed a dose-dependent increase in females at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day (103.5%, 115.8% (p<0.05), 117.5% (p<0.05) and 119.3% (p<0.05)), respectively when compared with Control, although no similar finding was evident in males.
Abnormally dark livers were seen in two females receiving 300 mg/kg/day and seven females receiving 1000 mg/kg/day. Minimal or slight hypertrophy of the hepatocytes was seen in males and females dosed at 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day and minimal or slight hypertrophy of the follicular cells was seen in males and females dosed at 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day.
Conclusion
Based on these results it was concluded that the no adverse effect level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity was 1000 mg/kg/day. There was no adverse effect of treatment at any dose level, the detailed behavioral assessments were unaffected and there were no adverse histopathological findings.
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