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EC number: 202-439-5 | CAS number: 95-65-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Study initiation: 2021-10-07
Experimental starting: 2021-11-10
Experimental completion: 2021-11-15 - Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2004
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- 99% purity, GC
Batch SHBL3034
Expiry date: 2024-06-01 - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- All concentration levels and the control were analytically verified via GC-MS in the fresh media at the start of exposure and at the renewal of the test solutions (0 and 24 hours) as well as in the 24-hours old media at the renewal and at the end of the exposure (24 and 48 hours).
At the start, samples were taken after preparation of each concentration level and the control and analyzed. At the end of the renewal (24 hours) and the exposure (48 hours), samples of the old media were taken from the test vessels. - Details on test solutions:
- Stock solution, media preparation: 5.00 mg test item/L were freshly prepared with dilution water. The dispersion was treated with ultrasound for 10 minutes at room temperature.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Origin: Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene (WaBoLu), 14195 Berlin, Germany
Breeder: Noack Laboratorien GmbH, Käthe-Paulus-Str. 1, 31157 Sarstedt, Germany
Culture: In glass vessels (2 - 3 L capacity) with approximately 1.8 L culture medium, at 20°C (+/- 2°C), 16 hours illumination, light intensity of max. 1500 lx
Culture medium: Elendt M4, according to OECD 202, Annex 3 (2004), is used.
Feeding of the culture stocks: The daphnids were fed at least 5 times per week ad libitum with a mix of unicellular green algae, e.g. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Desmodesmus subspicatus. The algae were cultured at the test facility.
Less than 24 hours old daphnids from a healthy stock were used for the study. To achieve this, juvenile daphnids were removed from the culture vessels at the latest 24 hours before the start of the exposure and discarded. The juveniles born within the following period were used for the test. No first brood progeny was used for the test.
Acclimatization was not necessary, because the composition of the dilution water is equivalent to the culture medium. - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Remarks:
- Same composition as the culture medium
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- new media: 242 mg/L as CaCO3
old media: 257 mg/L as CaCO3 - Test temperature:
- 18-22°C, constant within 1°C
- pH:
- new media: 7.45-8.01
old media: 7.69-7.88 - Dissolved oxygen:
- new media: 7.08-8.94 mg/L
old media: 8.24-9.07 mg/L - Conductivity:
- new media: 586 µS/cm
old media: 629 µS/cm - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: Out of the stock solution 5 concentrations were tested in a geometric series with a dilution factor of 4√10: 0.500 – 0.889 – 1.58 – 2.81 – 5.00 mg/L.
Measured (new media): 0.468, 0.707, 1.89, 3.28, 5.25 mg/L
Measured (old media): 0.457, 0.836, 1.62, 2.72, 5.19 mg/L
% of nominal: 80-117% - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Sealed glass flasks (4.5 (ID) x 9.5 (H) cm) with screw were used and filled up to the top with the test solutions. A test volume of approximately 130 mL was provided in each test vessel.
- Type: closed
- Volume of solution: Approx. 130 mL
- Aeration: None
- Renewal rate of test solution: renewal after 24h
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Dilution water: Culture Medium Elendt M4 (according tot OECD 202, Annex 3, 2004)
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: 24 h
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: /8 hours light/dark cycle
- Light intensity: diffuse light, intensity of max.1500 lx
RANGE-FINDING STUDY
A non-GLP preliminary range finding test was conducted at the test facility under semi-static conditions in a closed system without headspace over a period of 48 hours. A stock solution with a concentration of 50 mg/L was freshly prepared with dilution water and treated with ultrasound at room temperature for 10 minutes. The stock solution was further diluted to the concentration levels 0.500 and 5.00 mg/L with dilution water. All tested concentration levels were visually clear and colorless throughout the exposure period.
The preliminary range finding test was conducted under diffuse light conditions (light intensity of max. 1500 lx, 16/8 hours light/dark cycle).
In the range finding test, two replicates per concentration level and control, each with five daphnids, were tested. 100% mprtality was observed after 24h in the 50 mg/L exposure. Partial mortality (40%) was noted after 24g in the 5 mg/L exposure, and thi % increased to 90% after 48h. No mortality was found in the 0.5 mg/L exposure. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- A reference test with potassium dichromate was conducted as an acute immobilization test (acc. to AQS P 9/2 and OECD 202) in Elendt M4 medium under static conditions with a test duration of 24 hours
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 3.36 mg/L
- 95% CI:
- 2.82 - 4.95
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- measured values were within 80-104% of nominal values
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 4.91 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 2.69 mg/L
- 95% CI:
- 2.69 - 4.89
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- > 5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- Immobilization was determined in all groups after 24 and 48 hours. A daphnid was considered immobile, if it was not able to swim in the water phase within 15 seconds after gentle agitation of the test vessel. Observation of other adverse, sub-lethal effects (e.g. discoloration, abnormal behavior etc.) was done, but none occurred during the course of the study.
The measured water quality parameters (i.e. pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, total water hardness and water temperature) were within the acceptable limits during the study. During the test period, the temperature in the incubator was 20 - 21 °C.
The concentrations of the test item 3,4-xylenol were analytically verified via GC-MS/MS in the fresh media at the start of the exposure and at the renewal of the test solutions (0 and 24 hours) and in the 24-hours old media at the renewal and at the end of the test (24 and 48 hours) in all concentration levels and the control. The measured concentrations of the test item 3,4-xylenol in the fresh media were in the range of 80 to 120% of the nominal values at the start of the exposure (0 hours) and at the renewal (24 hours). The measured concentrations of the test item in the old media at the renewal and at the end of the test (24 and 48 hours) were in the range of 91 to 104% of the nominal values.
Procedural recovery samples (QC) were prepared on the 10 x LOQ level and treated in parallel to the test item samples. Mean recovery was 107% and confirmed therefore the validity of the analytical method. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The percentage of immobility for the reference item potassium dichromate (SIGMA-ALDRICH, batch number BCCC1619, purity 100%, CAS RN 7778-50-9) was determined after 24 hours (2021-10-12 to 2021-10-13), and resulted in a 24h-EC50 of 1.57 mg/L (CL: 1.0 -4.0 mg/L). The valid range is between 0.6 and 2.4 mg/L.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The EC10-value after 24 hours and the EC10/50-values after 48 hours of exposure were calculated by sigmoidal dose-response regression with the software GraphPad Prism. The EC50-value after 24 hours was estimated empirically from the observed immobilization rates. The respective 95% confidence limits for the EC10-value after 24 hours and for the EC10/50-values after 48 hours were calculated from the standard error and the t distribution wherever possible. In the case that the confidence limits could not be calculated by the software, the respective confidence limits were empirically derived from the observation data. All calculations were carried out from the best-fit values with the software GraphPad Prism.
All data were computer-processed and rounded for presentation. Consequently, minor variations may occur from the original figures if manual calculations based on the original figures are made subsequently. Calculations were made using the following software:
1) GraphPad Prism, GRAPHPAD SOFTWARE, INC.
2) Excel, MICROSOFT CORPORATION - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The dissolved oxygen concentrationis ≥ 3 mg/L in all concentration levels and in the control. The pH is between 6 – 9. The deviation of the final pH-values is less than 1.5.
- Conclusions:
- An acute immobilization test to Daphnia magna (Straus) carried out to determine the EC10 / 50 / 100-values of 3,4-xylenol after 24 and 48 hours of exposure under semi-static conditions in a closed system without headspace. A reliable 48h-EC50 of of 3.36 mg/L (95%CL 2.82-4.95 mg/L) was determined, and this value can be used for the environmental hazard assessment of 3,4-xylenol.
- Executive summary:
In the acute immobilization test with Daphnia magna, the acute toxcicity of the test item 3,4-xylenol, was determined at the test facility according to OECD 202 (2004). The study was conducted under semi-static conditions in closed test vessels without headspace over a period of 48 hours. Five concentrations of the test item prepared from a stock solution of 5.00 mg test item/L in a geometric series with a separation factor of 4√10 were tested. Twenty daphnids (divided into 4 replicates with 5 daphnids each) were exposed to each concentration level and the control.
The concentrations of the test item 3,4-xylenol were analytically verified via GC-MS/MS in the fresh media at the start of the exposure and at the renewal of the test solutions in all concentration levels and the control. The measured concentrations of the test item 3,4-xylenol in the fresh media were in the range of 80 to 120% of the nominal values at the start of the exposure (0 hours) and at the renewal (24 hours). The measured concentrations of the test item in the old media at the renewal and at the end of the test (24 and 48 hours) were in the range of 91 to 104% of the nominal values. The ECx-values are based on the nominal concentrations of the test item 3,4-xylenol. The validity criteria of the test guideline were fulfilled. A 48h-EC50 of 3.36 mg/L (95%CL 2.82-4.95 mg/L) was determined for 3,4-xylenol.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- Originally present in AQUIRE database. All AQUIRE data entries have been subjected to established quality assurance procedures. Data used for the harmonised classification of Index No 604-006-00-X (which includes 3,4-xylenol).
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Info not available
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- ECOTOX database does not provide info on GLP. Original study published in 1979
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Test organisms (species):
- other aquatic crustacea: Crangon septemspinosa
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 13.7 mg/L
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- Originally present in AQUIRE database. All AQUIRE data entries have been subjected to established quality assurance procedures. Data used for the harmonised classification of Index No 604-006-00-X (which includes 3,4-xylenol).
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other:
- Version / remarks:
- Info not available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: 50% immobilization concentration at 24 h was determined for Daphnia magna under static conditions
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- ECOTOX database does not provide info on GLP.
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 h
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 18.7 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
The data of studies studies with C.septemspinosa and D. magna (Ecetox, 2019) were used for the harmonised classification of Index No 604-006-00-X (which includes 3,4-xylenol). A new study with D.magna (NOACK, 2021) confirmed the harmonized acute/chronic hazard classification.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 3.36 mg/L
Additional information
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