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EC number: 217-615-7 | CAS number: 1910-42-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- No E. coli or TA 102 tested
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 977
- Report date:
- 1977
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no E. coli or TA 102 strain tested; TA 1538 was used instead of 1537
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Paraquat-dichloride
- EC Number:
- 217-615-7
- EC Name:
- Paraquat-dichloride
- Cas Number:
- 1910-42-5
- Molecular formula:
- C12H14N2.2Cl
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridyldiylium dichloride
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- His-locus
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor or phenobarbital induced rat liver S9-mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- TEST CONCENTRATIONS
0.16, 0.8, 4, 20, 100, 500, 2500, 5000 µg/plate
JUSTIFICATION FOR TOP DOSE
- The tope dose was 5000 μg/plate which is the standard limit concentration recommended in the OECD TG 471. This study has been conducted following principles similar to OECD 471. - Vehicle / solvent:
- VEHICLE
- water
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO was used as vehicle for the positive control compound
- Positive control substance:
- 2-acetylaminofluorene
- 2-nitrofluorene
- other: 2-(1-chloro-2-isopropylaminoethyl) naphthalene (CPE); Meclorethanine
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar plate incorporation
- Top agar consisted of 0.6% agar and 0.5% NaCl. Before use 100 mL of top agar was mixed with 10 mL of a solution of 0.5 mM L-histidine HCl and .5 mM biotin.
- Petri plates (9 cm diameter) poured with 30 mL Vogel-Bonner minimal medium with 1.5 % Bacto-Difco agar and 2% glucose.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
0.1 mL of an overnight nutrient broth culture of the bacterial tester strain, 0.1 mL of varying concentrations of the test substance and 0.15 or 0.5 mL of S-9 mix were added to 2 mL of molten agar at 45 °C. The top agar was distributed uniformly over the minimal glucose agar plates and allowed to harden before incubation.
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 48 to 72 hours at 37°C
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS:
- Triplicates for TA 1535 and TA 1538
- Duplicates for the remaining strains
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: reduction in mean revertant colony counts - Evaluation criteria:
- Not specified in the document
Results and discussion
Test results
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1538, TA 98, TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- CYTOXICITY
A toxic response was demonstrated at some of the higher concentrations which showed that the compound was entering the bacteria.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- This Ames study indicates that the test substance has no mutagenic activity with or without metabolic activation.
- Executive summary:
The test substance was assayed in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity plate incorporation assay (equivalent to OECD TG 471) and it was not mutagenic. On many occasions the compound was tested using TA 1535 and TA 1538 strains with and without the presence of rat liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) with cofactor (S-9 mix) from rats administered phenobarbital. It was also tested using the TA 1535, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 strains with S-9 mix made from rats administered Aroclor, with PMS but without cofactor and also without S-9 mix. A concentration range was used between 0.16 - 5000 µg of the test material per plate to maximise the chance of producing an effect. In all cases, there were no biologically significant increases above solvent control levels. The lack of effect was not due to the insensitivity of the system used, since a positive response was clearly demonstrated with the positive control compounds.
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