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EC number: 287-673-6 | CAS number: 85566-63-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 25 October 2017 - 20 December 2017
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 017
- Report date:
- 2017
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Version / remarks:
- 21 July 1997
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Dioctyl maleate, branched
- EC Number:
- 287-673-6
- EC Name:
- Dioctyl maleate, branched
- Cas Number:
- 85566-63-8
- Molecular formula:
- C20H36O4
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,4-bis(octan-2-yl) (2Z)-but-2-enedioate
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Bernel Ester DCM (CAS number 85566-63-8), batch number P6978, was a clear liquid. It was received on 07 September 2017 and stored at 15-25°C protected from light. Purity was stated as 92.78% (assumed 100% for testing) and the expiry date was given as 06 September 2018, see Certificate of Analysis. The test article information and certificate of analysis provided by the Sponsor are considered an adequate description of the characterisation, purity and stability of the test article. Determinations of stability and characteristics of the test article were the responsibility of the Sponsor.
Preliminary solubility data indicated that Bernel Ester DCM was soluble in ethanol at concentrations equivalent to at least 100 mg/mL. A maximum concentration of 5000 µg/plate was selected for Experiment 1, in order that initial treatments were performed up to this maximum recommended concentration according to current regulatory guidelines (OECD, 1997). A maximum concentration of 5000 µg/plate was also selected for Experiment 2.
Test article stock solutions were prepared by formulating Bernel Ester DCM under subdued lighting in ethanol with the aid of vortex mixing, to give the maximum required treatment concentration. Subsequent dilutions were made using ethanol. The test article solutions were protected from light and used within approximately 6 hours of initial formulation.
Method
- Target gene:
- Histidine locus.
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- mammalian liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S-9)
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Mutation Experiment 1 (S-9+-): 5, 16, 50, 160, 500, 1600, 5000 µg/plate
Mutation Experiment 2 (S-9+-): 160, 320, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000 µg/plate - Vehicle / solvent:
- Ethanol
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- 2-nitrofluorene
- sodium azide
- benzo(a)pyrene
- mitomycin C
- other: 2-aminoanthracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Test System
The test system was suitably labelled to clearly identify the study number, bacterial strain, test article concentration (where appropriate), positive and vehicle controls, in the absence or presence of S-9 mix.
Mutation Experiments
Bernel Ester DCM was tested for mutation (and toxicity) in five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102), in two separate experiments, at the concentrations detailed previously, using triplicate plates without and with S-9 for test article, vehicle and positive controls. These platings were achieved by the following sequence of additions to molten agar at 45±1°C:
• 0.1 mL bacterial culture
• 0.1 mL of test article solution/vehicle control or 0.05 mL of positive control
• 0.5 mL 10% S-9 mix or buffer solution
followed by rapid mixing and pouring on to Vogel-Bonner E agar plates. When set, the plates were inverted and incubated at 37±1°C protected from light for 3 days. Following incubation, these plates were examined for evidence of toxicity to the background lawn, and where possible revertant colonies were counted (see Colony Enumeration).
As the results of Experiment 1 were negative, treatments in the presence of S-9 in Experiment 2 included a pre-incubation step. Quantities of test article, vehicle control solution (reduced to 0.05 mL) or positive control, bacteria and S-9 mix detailed above, were mixed together and incubated for 20 minutes at 37±1°C, with shaking, before the addition of 2 mL molten agar at 45±1°C. Plating of these treatments then proceeded as for the normal plate-incorporation procedure. In this way, it was hoped to increase the range of mutagenic chemicals that could be detected in the assay.
Volume additions for the Experiment 2 pre-incubation treatments were reduced to 0.05 mL due to the vehicle (ethanol) employed in this study. This, and some other organic vehicles, are known to be near to toxic levels when added at volumes of 0.1 mL in this assay system when employing the pre-incubation methodology. By reducing the addition volume to 0.05 mL per plate, it was hoped to minimise or eliminate any toxic effects of the vehicle that may have otherwise occurred.
Toxicity Assessment
The background lawns of the plates were examined for signs of toxicity. Other evidence of toxicity may have included a marked reduction in revertants compared to the concurrent vehicle controls and/or a reduction in mutagenic response.
Colony Enumeration
Colonies were counted electronically using a Sorcerer Colony Counter (Perceptive Instruments) or manually where confounding factors such as precipitation, contamination or bubbles or splits in the agar affected the accuracy of the automated counter.
Analysis of Results
Treatment of Data
Individual plate counts were recorded separately and the mean and standard deviation of the plate counts for each treatment were determined. Control counts were compared with the laboratory’s historical control ranges. Data were considered acceptable if the vehicle control counts fell within the calculated historical control ranges and the positive control plate counts were comparable with the historical control ranges.
The presence or otherwise of a concentration response was checked by non-statistical analysis, up to limiting levels (for example toxicity, precipitation or 5000 µg/plate). However, adequate interpretation of biological relevance was of critical importance.
Acceptance Criteria
The assay was to be considered valid if all the following criteria were met:
1. The vehicle control counts fell within the laboratory’s historical control ranges
2. The positive control chemicals induced increases in revertant numbers of ≥1.5 fold (in strain TA102), ≥2-fold (in strains TA98 and TA100) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 and TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control confirming discrimination between different strains, and an active S-9 preparation. - Evaluation criteria:
- For valid data, the test article was considered to be mutagenic if:
1. A concentration related increase in revertant numbers was ≥1.5-fold (in strain TA102), ≥2-fold (in strains TA98 or TA100) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 or TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control values
2. The positive trend/effects described above were reproducible.
The test article was considered positive in this assay if both of the above criteria were met.
The test article was considered negative in this assay if neither of the above criteria were met.
Results which only partially satisfied the above criteria were dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Biological relevance was taken into account, for example consistency of response within and between concentrations and (where applicable) between experiments.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 102
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- Toxicity, Solubility and Concentration Selection
Experiment 1 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9, using final concentrations of Bernel Ester DCM at 5, 16, 50, 160, 500, 1600 and 5000 µg/plate, plus vehicle and positive controls. Following these treatments evidence of toxicity in the form of a slight thinning of the background bacterial lawn was observed at 5000 µg/plate in strain TA98 in the absence and presence of S-9 and strain TA98 in the presence of S-9 only.
Experiment 2 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9. The maximum test concentration of 5000 µg/plate was retained for all strains. Narrowed concentration intervals were employed covering the range 160-5000 µg/plate, in order to examine more closely those concentrations of Bernel Ester DCM approaching the maximum test concentration and considered therefore most likely to provide evidence of any mutagenic activity. In addition, all treatments in the presence of S-9 were further modified by the inclusion of a pre incubation step. In this way, it was hoped to increase the range of mutagenic chemicals that could be detected using this assay system. Following these treatments no evidence of toxicity was observed.
Precipitation was observed on the test plates at concentrations of 5000 µg/plate.
Data Acceptability and Validity
The individual mutagenicity plate counts were averaged to give mean values, which are presented in Section 8. From the data it can be seen that vehicle control counts fell within the laboratory’s historical ranges. The positive control chemicals all induced increases in revertant numbers of ≥1.5-fold (in strain TA102), ≥2-fold (in strains TA98 and TA100) or ≥3 fold (in strains TA1535 and TA1537) the concurrent vehicle controls confirming discrimination between different strains, and an active S-9 preparation. The study therefore demonstrated correct strain and assay functioning and was accepted as valid.
Mutation
Following Bernel Ester DCM treatments of all the test strains in the absence and presence of S-9, no increases in revertant numbers were observed that were ≥1.5-fold (in strain TA102), ≥2-fold (in strains TA98 and TA100) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 and TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control. This study was considered therefore to have provided no evidence of any Bernel Ester DCM mutagenic activity in this assay system.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- It was concluded that Bernel Ester DCM did not induce mutation in five histidine-requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102) of Salmonella typhimurium when tested under the conditions of this study. These conditions included treatments at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate (the maximum recommended concentration according to current regulatory guidelines) in the absence and in the presence of a rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9).
- Executive summary:
Bernel Ester DCM was assayed for mutation in five histidine-requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102) of Salmonella typhimurium, both in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation by an Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S-9), in two separate experiments.
All Bernel Ester DCM treatments in this study were performed using formulations prepared in ethanol.
Experiment 1 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9, using final concentrations of Bernel Ester DCM at 5, 16, 50, 160, 500, 1600 and 5000 µg/plate, plus vehicle and positive controls. Following these treatments evidence of toxicity was observed at 5000 µg/plate in strain TA98 in the absence and presence of S-9 and strain TA98 in the presence of S-9 only.
Experiment 2 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9. The maximum test concentration of 5000 µg/plate was retained for all strains. Narrowed concentration intervals were employed covering the range 160-5000 µg/plate, in order to examine more closely those concentrations of Bernel Ester DCM approaching the maximum test concentration and considered therefore most likely to provide evidence of any mutagenic activity. In addition, all treatments in the presence of S-9 were further modified by the inclusion of a pre‑incubation step. In this way, it was hoped to increase the range of mutagenic chemicals that could be detected using this assay system. Following these treatments, no evidence of toxicity was observed.
Precipitation was observed on all test plates at a concentration of 5000 µg/plate.
Vehicle and positive control treatments were included for all strains in both experiments. The mean numbers of revertant colonies fell withinacceptable ranges for vehicle control treatments, and were elevated by positive control treatments.
Following Bernel Ester DCM treatments of all the test strains in the absence and presence of S-9, no increases in revertant numbers were observed that were ≥1.5-fold (in strain TA102), ≥2-fold (in strains TA98 or TA100) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 or TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control. This study was considered therefore to have provided no evidence of any Bernel Ester DCM mutagenic activity in this assay system.
It was concluded that Bernel Ester DCM did not induce mutation in five histidine‑requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102) of Salmonella typhimurium when tested under the conditions of this study. These conditions included treatments at concentrations up to 5000 µg/plate (the maximum recommended concentration according to current regulatory guidelines) in the absence and in the presence of a rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9).
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