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EC number: 235-243-3 | CAS number: 12138-09-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Skin: Primary skin irritation/corrosion study with tungsten disulphide in the rabbit (4-hour semiocclusive application). The study was carried out based on the guidelines described in: EC Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, 8.4, "Acute Toxicity - Skin irritation" and OECD No.404, "Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion". Three rabbits were exposed to 0.5 grams of tungsten disulphide, applied onto clipped skin for 4 hours using a semi-occlusive dressing. Observations were made 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure. No skin irritation was caused by 4 hours exposure to tungsten disulphide. Grey staining of the treated skin by the test substance was observed on days 1, 2, 3 and/or 4, which hampered the scoring of the skin reactions on day 1, but did not hamper the scoring of the skin reactions on days 2, 3 and 4.
Eye: The study was carried out based on the guidelines described in: EC Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, B.5, "Acute Toxicity - Eye irritation" and OECD No.405, "Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion". Single samples of approximately 94 mg of tungsten disulphide (a volume of approximately 0.1 ml) were instilled into one eye of each of three rabbits. Observations were made 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation. Instillation of the test substance resulted in effects on the iris and conjunctivae. lridial irritation (grade 1) was observed in all animals and had resolved within 24 hours. Irritation of the conjunctivae was seen as redness, chemosis and discharge, which had completely resolved within 48 hours in all animals. Grey staining of (peri) ocular tissues by the test substance was observed on day 1. Due to this staining, the eyelids, nictitating membrane and sclera could be scored partly (upper part). Remnants of the test substance were present in the eyes of two animals on days 1 and 2 and in one animal on day 1. Remnants of the test substance were present on the outside of the eyelids of two animals on days 1 and 2 and of one animal on day 1. Grey staining of the fur on the head and paws, caused by the test substance, was noted on day 1.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 404 (Acute Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.4 (Acute Toxicity: Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material:16031/01
- Expiration date of the lot/batch:01 April 2002
- Purity test date:>98%
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material:At room temperature in the dark
- Stability under test conditions:Stable
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle:Water- Not Indicated
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: The powdery test substance was moistened with water (Milli-U), immediately before application, to ensure close contact with the animal's skin. - Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Kisslegg, Germany.
- Age at study initiation: at least 6 weeks old
- Weight at study initiation: between 1.0 and 3.5 kg
- Housing:labelled cages with perforated floors (Scanbur, Denmark, dimensions 53.5x63x38.5 cm)
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Standard laboratory rabbit diet approx. 100 g. per day
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):Free access to tap-water
- Acclimation period:at least 5 days before start of treatment under laboratory conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21±3°C
- Humidity (%): 30-70%
- Air changes (per hr): 15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours artificial fluorescent light and 12 hours dark per day
IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: - Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Preparation of test site:
- clipped
- Vehicle:
- water
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0.5 grams
- Concentration (if solution):
VEHICLE
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit):0.4 ml
- Concentration (if solution):
- Lot/batch no. (if required):
- Purity:
NEGATIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight):
- Concentration (if solution):
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight):
- Concentration (if solution): - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 hours
- Observation period:
- 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure
- Number of animals:
- 3
- Details on study design:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: flank
- % coverage: 150 square centimeters
- Type of wrap if used: metalline patch which was wrapped around the abdomen and secured with Coban elastic bandage
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): the skin cleaned of residual test substance using water and ethanol
- Time after start of exposure:Four hours after the application
OBSERVATION TIME POINTS
(indicate if minutes, hours or days)
1, 24, 48 and 72 hours
SCORING SYSTEM:
- Method of calculation:
Erythema and eschar formation:
No erythema 0
Very slight erythema (barely perceptible} 1
Well-defined erythema 2
Moderate to severe erythema ........................................................................................•. 3
Severe erythema (beet redness}• 4
•. Where signs of necrosis or corrosion (injuries in depth} prevent erythema scoring, the maximum grade for erythema (= 4) is given.
Oedema formation:
No oedema 0
Very slight oedema (barely perceptible} 1
Slight oedema (edges of area well-defined by definite raising} 2
Moderate oedema (raised approximately 1 millimeter) 3
Severe oedema (raised more than 1 millimeter and extending beyond the area of exposure)4 - Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal: #86, 87, 91
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal: #91
- Time point:
- 72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- No scoring possible due to grey staining of the skin by the test substance
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal: #86, 87, 91
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal: #91
- Time point:
- 72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- No scoring possible due to grey staining of the skin by the test substance
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results and according to the EC criteria for classification and labelling requirements for dangerous substances and preparations (Guidelines in Commission Directive 93/21/EEC), TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE does not have to be classified and has no obligatory labelling requirement for skin irritation.
- Executive summary:
Primary skin irritation/corrosion study with TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE in the rabbit (4-hour semiocclusive application).
The study was carried out based on the guidelines described in: EC Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, 8.4, "Acute Toxicity - Skin irritation" and OECD No.404, "Acute Dermal Irritation/Corrosion".
Three rabbits were exposed to 0.5 grams of TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE, applied onto clipped skin for 4 hours using a semi-occlusive dressing. Observations were made 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure.
No skin irritation was caused by 4 hours exposure to TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE.
Grey staining of the treated skin by the test substance was observed on days 1, 2, 3 and/or 4, which hampered the scoring of the skin reactions on day 1, but did not hamper the scoring of the skin reactions on days 2, 3 and 4.
Based on the results and according to the EC criteria for classification and labelling requirements for dangerous substances and preparations (Guidelines in Commission Directive 93/21/EEC), TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE does not have to be classified and has no obligatory labelling requirement for skin irritation.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Kisslegg, Germany
- Age at study initiation: at least 6 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: between 1.0 and 3.5 kg
- Housing: Individually in labelled cages with perforated floors
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Standard laboratory rabbit diet (Charles River Breeding and Maintenance Diet for Rabbits, Altromin, Germany) approx. 100 g. per day
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to tap-water
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days before start of treatment
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21±3°C
- Humidity (%): 30-70%
- Air changes (per hr): 15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours artificial fluorescent light and 12 hours dark per day
IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: - Vehicle:
- not specified
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit):93.6 (93.4 - 93.8) mg of the test substance (a volume of approximately 0.1 ml) - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 24 h
- Observation period (in vivo):
- 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation of the test substance
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 3 animals of one sex
- Details on study design:
- REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): approximately 50 ml tepid tap-water
- Time after start of exposure: 24 h
SCORING SYSTEM:
CORNEAL IRRITATION
Opacity: degree of density (area most dense taken for reading)
No ulceration or opacity (may include slight dulling of normal lustre)..........................................O
Scattered or diffuse areas of opacity, details of iris clearly visible............................................ 1
Easily discernible translucent area, details of iris slightly obscured.......................................... 2
Nacreous area, no details of iris visible, size of pupil barely discernible.................................... 3
Opaque cornea, iris not discernible through the opacity............................................................ 4
Area of cornea involved:
No ulceration or opacity............................................................................................................O
One quarter or less but not zero................................................................................................. 1
Greater than one quarter, but less than half............................................................................... 2
Greater than half, but less than three quarters........................................................................... 3
Greater than three quarters, up to whole area.......................................................................... 4
IRIS
Normal.......................................................................................................................................... 0
Markedly deepened rugae, congestion, swelling, moderate circumcomeal hyperaemia, or injection, any of these or combination thereof, iris still reacting to light
(sluggish reaction is positive)...................................................................................................... 1
No reaction to light, hemorrhage, gross destruction (any or all of these)...................................2
CONJUNCT/VAL IRRITAT/ON
Redness (refers to palpebrae and sclera, excluding cornea and iris):
Blood vessels normal.................................................................................................................. 0
Some blood vessels definitely hyperaemic (injected)................................................................. 1
Diffuse, crimson color, individual vessels not easily discernible................................................ 2
Diffuse beefy red........................................................................................................................ 3
Chemosis (refers to lids and/or nictitating membranes):
No swelling.................................................................................................................................. 0
Any swelling above normal (includes nictitating membranes).................................................... 1
Obvious swelling with partial eversion of lids............................................................................ 2
Swelling with lids about half closed........................................................................................... 3
Swelling with lids more than half closed .....................................................................................4
Discharge:
No discharge (may include small amounts observed in inner canthus of normal animals).........0
Any amount different from normal and/or lacrimation................................................................. 1
Discharge with moistening of the lids and hairs just adjacent to lids.......................................... 2
Discharge with moistening of the lids and hairs (considerable area around the eye)................3
Where standard lighting is considered inadequate for observing minor effects, eye examinations will be performed using an ophthalmic examination lamp.
In cases of equivocal results when comparing the treated and untreated eyes, the illustrated guide from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C. 20207 will be used for additional control purposes.
TOOL USED TO ASSESS SCORE: hand-slit lamp - Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- Animals: #98, #100, #102
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- Animals: #98, #100, #102
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- Animals: #98, #100, #102
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 24 hrs
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Remarks:
- Redness
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- Animals: #98, #100, #102
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 24 hrs
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- Based on these results and according to the EC criteria for classification and labelling requirements for dangerous substances and preparations (Guidelines in Commission Directive 93/21/EEC), TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE does not have to be classified and has no obligatory labelling requirement for eye irritation
- Executive summary:
The study was carried out based on the guidelines described in: EC Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, B.5, "Acute Toxicity - Eye irritation" and OECD No.405, "Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion".
Single samples of approximately 94 mg of TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE (a volume of approximately 0.1 ml) were instilled into one eye of each of three rabbits. Observations were made 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation.
Instillation of the test substance resulted in effects on the iris and conjunctivae.
lridial irritation (grade 1) was observed in all animals and had resolved within 24 hours. Irritation of the conjunctivae was seen as redness, chemosis and discharge, which had completely resolved within 48 hours in all animals. Grey staining of (peri) ocular tissues by the test substance was observed on day 1. Due to this staining, the eyelids, nictitating membrane and sclera could be scored partly (upper part).
Remnants of the test substance were present in the eyes of two animals on days 1 and 2 and in one animal on day 1. Remnants of the test substance were present on the outside of the eyelids of two animals on days 1 and 2 and of one animal on day 1. Grey staining of the fur on the head and paws, caused by the test substance, was noted on day 1.
Based on these results and according to the EC criteria for classification and labelling requirements for dangerous substances and preparations (Guidelines in Commission Directive 93/21/EEC), TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE does not have to be classified and has no obligatory labelling requirement for eye irritation.
Reference
TABLE 1: INDIVIDUAL EYE IRRITATION SCORES
|
Cornea |
|
Iris |
|
Conjunctivae |
|
||
Time after dosing |
Opacity |
Area |
Fluor area(%) |
|
Redness |
Chemosis |
Discharge |
Comments |
r3No 98# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 hour |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
abce |
24 hours |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
be |
48 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
72 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
r3No 100# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 hour |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
abce |
24 hours |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
be |
48 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
72 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
r3No 102# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 hour |
0 |
0 |
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
abce |
24 hours |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
48 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
72 hours |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
TABLE 2: MEAN VALUE EYE IRRITATION SCORES
Animal: Corneal:
|
opacity |
|
Redness |
Chemosis |
98 |
0 |
0 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
102 |
0 |
0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
Skin and eye irritation studies of sufficient quality and tested in accordance with standard methodology indicated that tungsten disulphide was not irritating to skin or eye. Therefore, no classification is required for the skin and eye irritation endpoint for tungsten disulphide.
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