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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 265-060-4 | CAS number: 64741-59-9 A complex combination of hydrocarbons produced by the distillation of products from a catalytic cracking process. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C25 and boiling in the range of approximately 150°C to 400°C (302°F to 752°F). It contains a relatively large proportion of bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to birds
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to birds
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Non-GLP, non guideline study published in peer reviewed literature with minor restrictions in design and/or reporting but otherwise adequate for assessment.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 981
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The test substance was fed to mallard ducklings in concentrations of 0.5% and 5.0% of the diet from hatching to 18 weeks of age.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- No. 2 fuel oil
- IUPAC Name:
- No. 2 fuel oil
- Details on test material:
- No. 2 fuel oil
Constituent 1
- Dose method:
- feed
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and analysis of diet:
- No. 2 fuel oil was mixed in 0.5% and 5% concentration in commercial duck started mash. This was fed ad libitumto the ducks for 8 weeks. The ducks were then fed with similar concentrations of test substance in developer mash for the final 10 weeks.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Anas platyrhynchos
- Details on test organisms:
- Mallard eggs were obtained from Whistling Wings (Hanover, Ill, USA). The ducklings were hatched in house.
Study design
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration (if not single dose):
- 18 wk
- Post exposure observation period:
- Not reported
- No. of animals per sex per dose and/or stage:
- 36 animals. 18 males and 18 females. 36 control animals were also used with a 1:1 ratio of males to females.
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Nominal and measured doses / concentrations:
- Nominal dose.
- Details on test conditions:
- Four animals were assigned to each pen (2 male and 2 female). The animals had unlimited access to water. The test temperature and photoperiod were not reported.
Examinations
- Details on examinations and observations:
- All birds were weighed once a week for 18 weeks. Other weekly measurements taken were culmen length, tarsal length, wing length and length of the ninth primary. At 9 d of age the ducklings were tested for their response to a frightening stimulus (rotating black and white axle which created a noise) using the method of Heinz, 1975 and 1976. The distance of retreat from the stimulus was measured.At 16 weeks of age the ducks were tested for open field behaviour. The movement of groups of ducks in a 3 X 3 m room marked into 1 X 1 m squares was observed for 5 minutes. Movement was recorded as the number of line crosses on an individual basis and square movements when at least 3 bird moved from one square into another.2 ml blood samples were taken at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of age. Blood samples were analysed for Sodium ions, potassium ions, cholestrol, triglycerides and plasma enzymes.Liver and spleen weights were recorded and microscopic analysis was performed on tissue sections (heart, intestinal loop, gonads). The age of the animals at organ harvesting was not reported but is assumed to be 18 weeks.
- Details on reproductive parameters:
- Not reported
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 18 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 5 000 other: ppm
- Conc. / dose based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth
- Mortality and sub-lethal effects:
- There was no mortality related to ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil. There were significant differences (alpha < 0.01) in sex and treatments for 5 growth parameters at 18 weeks of age between the test and control groups. Duckings fed on 5% oil exhibitedsignificantly (alpha < 0.05) reduced avoidance behaviour when compared to the control animals and animals fed on 0.5% oil. In the open field test, the animals fed on 5% oil were significantly (alpha < 0.05) more active than the other groups.Morphological examinations showed liver weights were rasied in ducklings fed on 5% oil. Conversely, spleen weights decreased with increasing dietry oil concentration. Increasing oil concentration was related to enhanced enzymatic activity in the plasma, liver and kidney. Subtle morphological differences were also observed between the control and test animal organs. For example, livers of ducks fed on 5% oil showed focal hepatocytic vacuolation to a greater extent than the other groups.
- Effects on reproduction:
- Effects on reproduction were not investigated.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Not applicable
- Further details on results:
- Not applicable
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Multivariate analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis were used to compare sex and growth parameters.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Non mortality was observed in ducklings fed no, 0.5 or 5% dietary oil. The growth NOAEL for 18 week old mallard ducks was 5000 ppm.
- Executive summary:
Newly hatched Mallard ducklings were fed on feed containing 0, 0.5 or 5% No. 2 fuel oil for 18 weeks. Growth, mortality, behavioural, histological and biochemical investigations were performed to determine the effect of the test substance on the ducklings. Non mortality was observed in ducklings fed no, 0.5 or 5% dietary oil. The growth NOAEL for 18 week old mallard ducks was 5000 ppm. Growth, behavioural, histological and biochemical effects were dose related. This study is considered reliable as it is a non-GLP, non guideline study. It was published in peer reviewed literature, it has minor restrictions in design and/or reporting but is otherwise adequate for assessment.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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