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EC number: 272-489-0 | CAS number: 68855-54-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study with major shortcomings (e.g. no information about smoking habits, asbestos exposure)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- A 26-year radiographic follow-up of workers in a diatomite mine and mill
- Author:
- Cooper WC, Sargent EN
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- J Occup Med. 1984 Jun;26(6):456-60; PMID: 6330326
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- health record from industry
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Chest roentgenograms of 473 employees of a California diatomite plant were reviewed as part of periodic re-evaluation of the efficacy of the dust control program.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Kieselguhr, soda ash flux-calcined
- EC Number:
- 272-489-0
- EC Name:
- Kieselguhr, soda ash flux-calcined
- Cas Number:
- 68855-54-9
- Molecular formula:
- SiO2
- IUPAC Name:
- silanedione
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): diatomaceous earth, diatomite (flux-calcinated)
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- no
- Details on study design:
- STUDY POPULATION
- Total study population: 577
- Selection criteria: only workers with at least 4 years of service were examined
- Total number of subjects participating in study: 473
- Sex/age/race: males and females, in service from 5 to 39 years
- Smoker/non-smoker: no information on smoking habits are provided
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Chest roentgenograms were taken during the period July 1, 1974 through June 30, 1979
STUDY PERIOD: from July 1, 1974 through June 30, 1979 as follow-up of earlier evaluations in 1953, 1963, 1969, and 1974
SETTING: The study was conducted among the workforces of the John-Mansville diatomaceous earth (DE) mining and processing plant in Lompoc, California.
HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIED
- Disease(s): pneumoconiosis
- Classification: International labour organisation (ILO) U/C classification system
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The distribution of film classification is shown in table 1. There were 24 (5.1%) in the doubtful category (0/1 or 1/0) with 11 (2.3%) in categories that would be considered with pneumoconiosis (i.e. 1/1 or greater). This contrasts with the earlier findings of 6.8% in the doubtful category and 4.7% in the positive category in 1974. The fact that there were only 6 individuals classified as 1/2 or higher is noteworthy. There were 19 such cases in 1974. No large opacities were reported. Both rounded (40%) and irregular (60%) small opacities were noted. The distribution was as follows: p=5, q=9, s=11 and t=10. For those of 1/1 profusion or greater, the predominant small opacities were p=2, s=2, and t=7.
In 21 individuals pleural changes were reported. In five of these, it was limited to costophrenic angle obliteration, three being unilateral and two bilateral. In 11 other individuals, circumscribed or diffuse pleural thickening was suspected but not definitely identified. In five cases there were reports of definite circumscribed or diffuse thickening; in three workers these finding could be associated with a previous thoracotomy, tuberculosis and asbestos exposure, respectively.
There were 119 participants in the original survey of 1953 still employed as of July 1, 1974, and 74 employed as of July 1, 1979 (table 2). Only 5 of the 479 individuals with negative films in 1953 have subsequently been reported as having a film consistent with pneumoconiosis (1/1 or more). Of the 52 with doubtful films in 1953, 44 had subsequent follow-up films. 23 had had their last follow-up films interpreted as negative, 20 as doubtful and only one as definitely positive (1/2). Of the 22 workers with definite pneumoconiosis in 1952, 20 had follow-up films. 4 were described as negative through their final films, 11 showed no progression and 5 showed progression.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Film classification in 473 current and terminated employees with five or more years of service:
Years of service |
No. |
Film classification |
||
Negative |
Doubtful |
Positive |
||
5-9 |
72 |
70 |
1 |
1a) |
10-14 |
99 |
94 |
5 |
- |
15-19 |
108 |
106 |
2 |
- |
20-24 |
82 |
75 |
6 |
1a) |
25-29 |
63 |
56 |
4 |
3 |
30-34 |
38 |
30 |
5 |
3 |
35-39 |
5 |
4 |
- |
1 |
40-44 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
- |
45-49 |
4 |
2 |
- |
2 |
Total |
473 |
438 |
24 |
11 |
% |
100 |
92.6 |
5.1 |
2.3 |
a)Changes present on pre-employment film
Table 2: Participants in the 1953 survey available for review as of successive follow-up dates
Classification |
1953 |
No follow-up |
1963 |
1969 |
1974 |
1979 |
Negative |
479 |
204 |
147 |
128 |
104 |
66 |
Doubtful |
52 |
8 |
25 |
13 |
7 |
5 |
Definite |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Simle |
29 |
2 |
14 |
9 |
6 |
3 |
- Confluent |
26 |
4 |
17 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
Total |
586 |
218 |
203 |
158 |
119 |
74 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- 11 of 473 employees examined (2.3%) had films classified 1/1 or higher and only 6 of these were categorized1/2 or more. All of the latter had more than 25 years of service. The presence of only two examples of suspected large opacities (0.4%) was in marked contrast with 1953 when 4.4% of films showed coalescent lesions.
- Executive summary:
Chest roentgenograms of 473 employees of a diatomite plant were reviewed as part of periodic re-evaluation of the efficacy of the dust control program. The plant’s processing of diatomite included flux-calcination, which provided opportunities for exposure to cristobalite. The films examined were those of workers with at least 5 years of service. Only 11 films were interpreted as showing changes consistent with pneumoconiosis, i.e. small opacities of profusion categorized as 1/1 or greater. Only six were classified as ½ or more. All who developed categories 1/1 or higher during their employment had more than 25 years of service. No large opacities were reported. The low prevalence and the absence of definite pneumoconiosis in employees with fewer than 25 years of service was in striking contrast with findings in 1953. At that time more than 25% of those with 5 or more years of employment had roentgenographic evidence of pneumoconiosis and over 10% had confluent changes producing large opacities.
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