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EC number: 237-081-9 | CAS number: 13601-19-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
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- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
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- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
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- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
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- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
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- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Carcinogenicity
Administrative data
Description of key information
In a long term (two year) repeated dose toxicity study with rats, supplemented with two interim studies (49-51 weeks and 80-82 weeks respectively), the NOAEL was determined to be≥ 630 and ≥ 450 mg/kg bw/day for females and males, respectively, based on the absence of effects seen at the highest concentration (5000 ppm in the food).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Carcinogenicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- carcinogenicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- August 1974 - 1976
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study was not performed under GLP guidelines. However, the study report contains many details on the methods used. The experimental data are well-documented (individual data are presented).
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 453 (Combined Chronic Toxicity / Carcinogenicity Studies)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 48 instead of 50 animals/sexe/dose were used, which is not considered to have affected the study. In addition clinical chemistry parameters were not measured, also considered to have no effect on the study (see results for explanation).
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- (Study was undertaken before implementation of GLP principles)
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- - Source: Scientific Agribusiness Consultants International, Braintree, Essex, UK
- Weight at study initiation: 40-60 g
- Housing: Group housing of 4 animals of same sex and same treatment group per cage (aluminium; 45x36x16; open mesh galvanised steel floors)
- Diet: Free access to powdered rodent diet (Spratt's Laboratory Animal Diet No.2 supplied by Spratts Patent Ltd, Barking, Essex, UK).
- Water: Free access to tap water.
- Acclimation period: 6 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): approximately 20
- Humidity (%): 40 - 70
- Air changes (per hr): approx 15-20
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 10/14 - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: test article was admixtured with the animal diet, which was given ad libitum.
Food pellets were ground to powder, the appropriate weight of the test article was added to the powdered diet and the mixture was blended using a commercial food mixer. Test-article-diet mixtures were prepared weekly.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No analyses were carried out to verify concentrations in the diet test substance mixtures.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Two-year study: 104-107 weeks
Interim I: 49-51 weeks
Interim II: 80-82 weeks - Frequency of treatment:
- Continuous (food available ad libitum)
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 50, 500, 5000 ppm
Basis:
nominal in diet - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Two-year study: 48
Interim I: 12
Interim II: 12 - Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
A literature search was conducted and based on these data, the dosages were choosen.
- Selection of animals for selected measurements:
Random selection - Positive control:
- Not required
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS AND DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least once daily for abnormalities of appearance and behaviour or signs of ill-health.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
Two year study: starting at day 1, once more during first week of treatment, then once every fortnight during first year. Thereafter weighed at monthly intervals until week 99 (males) or 100 (females)
Interim I: starting at day 1, once more during first week of treatment, then once a fortnight until week 48 (males) or week 50 (females).
Interim II: starting at day 1, once more during first week of treatment, then once a fortnight until week 78.
All surviving rats were weighed before being killed.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE: Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes
WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once a fortnight during the first year of treatment. Thereafter, food intakes were recorded at approx. monthly intervals up to week 99 (males) or week 100 (females). For the first interim study, water intake was recorded approx. once a fortnight for the first interim study up to week 46, and for the second interim study up to week 78.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: weeks 14, 26 and 54, and at necropsy
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 12 male and 12 female rats from groups 0, 500 and 5000 ppm
- Parameters checked: Total erythrocyte count/ total leucocyte count/ differential leucocyte count/ haemoglobin concentration/ packed cell volume/ reticulocyte count
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: 8 weeks after start, thereafter with two-monthly intervals. Urine was collected from all surviving rats (if possible) before sacrifice.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Parameters: volume, specific gravity (as measured by refractive index), semi-quantitative analysis of pH, glucose, blood, bilirubin, ketones and protein using reagent strips or content of cells.
Three methods:
(1) Six hour urine samples: Urine collected over a period of 6 hours after normal overnight feeding and drinking.
(2) two hour urine samples: Urine collected for 2 hours after oral water load (25 ml/kg)
(3) Eighteen hour urine samples: Urine collected for 6 hours commencing 18 hours after oral water load (25 ml/ kg)
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
- All animals were fasted overnight prior to planned necropsy, but water was provided. Animals surviving to scheduled necropsy were deeply anaesthetised and subsequently exsanguinated. Animals that died during the study and animals in extremis that were killed during the study, were examined.
- Dose groups that were examined: all
- Organs weighed:
Adrenals, brain, caecum, gonads, heart, kidneys, liver, pituitary gland, small intestine, spleen, stomach, thyroid gland.
- Furthermore, tissues were collected and stored in formalin according to OECD guidelines.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
A microscopic examination was made of all the tissue samples. - Statistics:
- Comparisons were done using either a two-sided least significant difference test, or a two-sided pooled two sample t test, or a two-sided two sample t test, or a Mann-Whitney U test, depending on the degree of normality and homoscedasticity (i.e. the homogeneity of the error variances) of the data. Data were considered significant with p<0.05.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Description (incidence and severity):
- not required
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- no adverse effects were observed on weight, macroscopically or microscopically of/on organs nor on urinalysis, therefore adverse effects on clinical chemistry are not expected
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Description (incidence and severity):
- not required
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
Findings were generally similar in both the control and treated groups. The percentage mortality of the control rats for both sexes was higher that that of the three treatment groups at the end of the study.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Body weight of male and female rats in the control and treatment groups were similar throughout the course of the 2-y study. Female rats given 5000 ppm had a slightly lower mean body weight compared to control rats during the latter of the study, resulting in statistically significance during some weeks, 41-49 and 57-61 and week 92, but the weights were all within 7% of the control values for these periods. This is not considered to be toxicologically relevant.
Interim I and II study: Comparable trends
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
Food consumption differed during the study, sometimes being less compared to controls, sometimes being more compared to controls. In some weeks this was statistically significant, but these differences were not considered to be related to treatment.
Interim I and II study: comparable trends.
The calculated intake (mg/kg bw/d) over the whole study period expressed for m/f:
2-y study; Interim I; Interim II;
50 ppm 4.4/6.2; 5.4/6.8; 4.7/6.8
500 ppm 45.0/62.5; 51.8/69.8; 46.8/63.8
5000 ppm 450.7/630.1; 519.5/692.5; 461.8/672.5
WATER CONSUMPTION
The pattern of water consumption by male and female rats in the control and 50 and 500 ppm treatement groups was similar throughout the study. Male and female rats administered 5000 ppm drank more than control animals during the first nine months of the study. During the last year of the study water quantities were comparable between 5000 ppm group and controls. While the difference seen in the first year of the study must be attributed to treament with sodium ferrocyanide there is no indication that this is an adverse effect (see also Urinalysis results).
Interim I and II study: Comparable trends, however, the high water intakes seen in rats given 5000 ppm substance during the earlier part of the 2-y study were not repeated in the corresponding periods of the interim studies.
HAEMATOLOGY
Changes observed in treated animals were not dose-related or common to both sexes on any single occasion, and were not found consistently on different occasions. Therefore none of the effects seen are considered to be a consequence of treatment.
URINALYSIS
Some differences were seen between the results of renal function tests for treated rats compared with control rats. No permanent disturbance of the renal system was apparent. Kidney functions were normal during the study, therefore, the increased water intake of 5000 ppm treated male and female rats in the first part of the 2-y study is not expected to be an adverse effect of the substance.
A trend of increased protein excretion in the urine of both control and treated rats was found. This is a characteristic of ageing rats, which severity or onset was not accelerated by the substance.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
Although there was some suggestion of increased caecum weight in male rats given 5000 ppm substance in the interim studies, this increase was not seen in the corresponding group in the 2-y study. Other differences were seen (increased spleen weight, decreased intenstinal weight both at 50 ppm in male rats, increased pituitary glands in female rats at 50 ppm), but never consistent over sexes or dose dependent. It was thus concluded that the increased organ weights were not a toxicological relevant adverse effect.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Occasionally a single histopathological finding was found with a higher prevalence in one or more groups (lung, liver). However, no clear dose trend is found, no consistent pattern is seen in the male and female groups, therefore it is unlikely that these differences can be attributed to the treatment. In addition, periartritis was seen, but not statistically significant, and this is commonly found in old rats. An increased number of fibrous polyps was seen in the uteri of high dose females, however this is commonly found in old female rats. Since no clear dose response is seen, this was considered not to be related to treatment.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NEOPLASTIC
No dose related effect was seen in tumours of the pituitary, pancreas and thyroid, which are relatively common in aged rats. Basal cell carcinoma, lipoma, sarcoma, fiborsarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma were found either in the skin or subcutaneous tissues of several animals. However, these kind of tumours have frequently been reported in control rats and therefore, it is unlikely they result from treatment. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 630 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No dose-related carcinogenicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effect type: carcinogenicity (migrated information)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 450 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No dose-related carcinogenicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effect type: carcinogenicity (migrated information)
- Conclusions:
- In a long term (two year) toxicity study with rats performed mainly according to OECD 453, supplemented with two interim studies (49-51 weeks and 80-82 weeks respectively), male and females rats (48/dose) were daily exposed to sodium ferrocyanide, which was mixed in the diet. From these data, the NOAEL was determined to be ≥ 630 and ≥ 450 mg/kg bw/day for females and males, respectively, based on the absence of effects seen at the highest concentration (5000 ppm in the food).
- Executive summary:
In a long term (two year) toxicity study with rats, supplemented with two interim studies (49-51 weeks and 80-82 weeks respectively), male and females rats (48/sexe) were daily exposed to sodium ferrocyanide, which was mixed in the food. During the studies, body weight and food and water intake was monitored at regular intervals. Furthermore, blood and urine samples were examined for several relevant parameters. At the end of the study, rats were killed and organs and tissues were examined macro- and microscopically. Rats exposed to the highest concentration (5000 ppm in food) showed elevated water consumption in the first nine months. The sodium ferrocyanide in the diet did not adversely affect growth or general health of the rats in the three treatment groups. No dose-related variations were found in the haematology or urine analyses. Neither were dose-related differences found in the weight of the organs, or in the (non-neoplastic and neoplastic) histopathology of organs or tissues between the exposed groups or differences with the non-exposed groups. From these data, the NOAEL was determined to be ≥ 630 and ≥ 450 mg/kg bw/day for females and males, respectively, based on the absence of effects seen at the highest concentration (5000 ppm in the food).
Reference
Summary of tumour incidence in male rats fed sodium ferrocyanide in the diet at levels of o (control), 50, 500 or 5000 ppm for up to 105 weeks
|
Control |
50 ppm |
500 ppm |
5000 ppm |
Total animals/group |
48 |
47 |
48 |
48 |
Total primary tumors |
17 |
16 |
29 |
17 |
Total animals with tumors |
15 |
12 |
22 |
14 |
Total animals with multiple tumors |
2 |
3 |
5 |
2 |
Total benign |
13 |
14 |
22 |
10 |
Total malignant |
4 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
Total malignant with metastasis |
2 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
Summary of tumour incidence in female rats fed sodium ferrocyanide in the diet at levels of o (control), 50, 500 or 5000 ppm for up to 107 weeks
|
Control |
50 ppm |
500 ppm |
5000 ppm |
Total animals/group |
48 |
48 |
48 |
48 |
Total primary tumors |
41 |
41 |
34 |
37 |
Total animals with tumors |
36 |
33 |
29 |
27 |
Total animals with multiple tumors |
4 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
Total benign |
34 |
35 |
27 |
26 |
Total malignant |
7 |
6 |
7 |
11 |
Total malignant with metastasis |
1 |
0 |
4 |
2 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- chronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- Study performed according to OECD guideline, but not according to GLP principles.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the available data, sodium ferrocyanide is not classified for carcinogenicity according to CLP Regulation (No) EC 1272/2008.
Additional information
In a long term (two year) toxicity study with rats, supplemented with two interim studies (49-51 weeks and 80-82 weeks respectively), male and females rats (48/sexe) were daily exposed to sodium ferrocyanide, which was mixed in the food. During the studies, body weight and food and water intake was monitored at regular intervals. Furthermore, blood and urine samples were examined for several relevant parameters. At the end of the study, rats were killed and organs and tissues were examined macro- and microscopically. Rats exposed to the highest concentration (5000 ppm in food) showed elevated water consumption in the first nine months. The sodium ferrocyanide in the diet did not adversely affect growth or general health of the rats in the three treatment groups. No dose-related variations were found in the haematology or urine analyses. Neither were dose-related differences found in the weight of the organs, or in the (non-neoplastic and neoplastic) histopathology of organs or tissues between the exposed groups or differences with the non-exposed groups. From these data, the NOAEL was determined to be ≥ 630 and ≥ 450 mg/kg bw/day for females and males, respectively, based on the absence of effects seen at the highest concentration (5000 ppm in the food).
Justification for selection of carcinogenicity via oral route endpoint:
One study available with Klimisch reliability 2.
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