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EC number: 204-179-8 | CAS number: 117-21-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2004
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 004
- Report date:
- 2004
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 3-chlorophthalic anhydride
- EC Number:
- 204-179-8
- EC Name:
- 3-chlorophthalic anhydride
- Cas Number:
- 117-21-5
- Molecular formula:
- C8H3ClO3
- IUPAC Name:
- 4-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1,3-dione
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Start (from stock solutions prior to distribution to test chambers) and end of the test (from pooled test replicates)
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Water used for acclimation of test organisms and for all toxicity testing was sterile freshwater AAP medium adjusted to pH of 7.5 +/- 0.1. Dilution water collected at the start of the definitive toxicity test had a measured total organic carbon concentration of 0.9 ppm. A stock solution with a nominal concentration of 1,200 mg/L was prepared by bringing 1.2231 g of test substance to a total volume of 1,000 mL with dilution water in a glass volumetric flask. The solution was mixed for approximately 22 hours. The pH of the stock solution was adjusted to 7.5. The test concentrations were formulated by the addition of appropriate amounts of the stock solution directly to dilution water. Nominal concentrations of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride were 0 mg/L (control), 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 mg/L. A stability blank sample set up at 1,200 mg/L was placed among the test vessels.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- Algae used for the test (Selenastrum capricornutum, UTEX 1648) were from a culture originally procured from the Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin and delivered to T.R. Wilbury Laboratories on July 17, 2001. The culture was transferred to sterile enriched media identical to media used for this test and maintained at test conditions for at least 14 days before the definitive test. During the 14 day acclimation period prior to the start of the test, the temperature ranged from 23.5 to 24.3°C and the light intensity ranged from 50 to 51 microEin/m2sec (24 hours light/0 hours dark photoperiod). During the acclimation period, the culture was actively growing in at least two subcultures prior to the start of the toxicity test. The subsample of algae used to inoculate media at the start of the definitive test came from a five day old culture. Identification of the culture organisms, which are also referred to as Raphidocelis subcapitata, was verified using an appropriate taxonomic key.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- Not reported
- Test temperature:
- 23.9 to 24.3°C
- pH:
- 7.5 - 7.6 initial; 8.3 - 9.8 final
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0 mg/L (control) 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 mg 3-CLPA/L
Measured: 0 mg/L (control), 71, 150, 290, 560, and 1,100 mg 3-CLPA/L - Details on test conditions:
- A range-finding test was conducted with a control and five concentrations of 3-CLPA: 0.10, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/L. At the conclusion of the test, the number of cells/mL in the test vessels was greater than 80% of the control growth at all five tested concentrations. No insoluble material was observed during the range-finding test.
The definitive toxicity test was conducted at 24 +/- 2°C with five concentrations of test substance and a control. Nominal concentrations of 3-CLPA were 0 mg/L (control), 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 mg/L. A stability blank sample set up at 1,200 mg/L was placed among the test vessels. No algae was inoculated into the stability blank. Water quality measurements were made and each solution was subdivided into three clear glass 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Flasks were inoculated with approximately 10,000 algal cells/mL and capped with inverted glass beakers. Test vessels were randomly arranged on a rotary shaker adjusted to approximately 100 rpm in an incubator during the test (a random numbers table was used to select the location for each vessel) and vessels were repositioned daily. A 24 hour light and 0 hour dark photoperiod was automatically maintained with cool white fluorescent lights that provided a light intensity of approximately 380 footcandles (also measured as approximately 50 to 51 microEin/m2sec). The number of algal cells/mL in each test vessel and the occurrence of relative size differences, unusual cell shapes, colors, flocculations, adherence of cells to test containers, or aggregation of cells was determined visually by means of direct microscopic examination with a hemocytometer at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Temperature of the incubator was measured and recorded daily and the temperature in a representative vessel of water incubated with the test vessels was continuously recorded. The pH of test solutions was measured and recorded in each test solution prior to distribution to the test vessels at the start of the test and in each test vessel at the end of the test. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: similar EC50 when based on the number of cells and AUC
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 560 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Similar NOEC when based on the number of cells
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 290 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: AUC
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- Insoluble material was not observed at any time during the definitive toxicity test. Nominal concentrations of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride were: 0 mg/L (control), 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 mg/L. Mean measured concentrations were ND (none detected; control), 71, 150, 290, 560, and 1,100 mg/L. These mean measured concentrations were 92 to 100% of nominal concentrations and stable throughout the 72 hour exposure. The mean measured concentration in the stability blank (a 1,200 mg/L 3 chlorophthalic anhydride solution without algae that was incubated under test conditions for 72 hours) was 100% of the nominal concentration.
The algal population grew well, resulting in an average of 1,088,000 cells/mL in the control after 72 hours. No effects (relative size differences, unusual cell shapes, colors, flocculations, adherence of cells to test containers, or aggregation of cells) were noted during the test. Water quality throughout the test was within acceptable limits. The incubator temperature ranged from 23.9 to 24.3°C. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The average specific growth rate was calculated as the natural log of the number of cells/mL at time t1 minus the natural log of the number of cells/mL at time t0 divided by the exposure period. The 24, 48, and 72 hour EC50 values could not be calculated using standard statistical procedures because cell growth, growth rates, and areas under the growth curve at all tested concentrations were greater than 50% of the control. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s test. The NOECs were determined using the mean measured concentrations of 3-CLPA and the number of cells/mL, the average specific growth rate, and the area under the growth curve. Treatment data were compared to control data for the determination of the NOEC values.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Measured concentrations of 3-chlorophthalic anhydride during the toxicity test with the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum
Nominal Concentration of 3-CLPA (mg/L) |
Measured Concentration of 3-CLPA (mg/L) |
|||
0 Hour |
72 Hour |
Mean |
% Recovery |
|
Test Media Samples |
||||
Control |
ND |
--- |
ND |
--- |
75 |
73 |
69 |
71 |
95 |
150 |
150 |
140 |
150 |
100 |
300 |
290 |
280 |
290 |
97 |
600 |
570 |
540 |
560 |
93 |
1,200 |
1,100 |
1,100 |
1,100 |
92 |
Stability Blank |
||||
1,200 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
100 |
Laboratory Control Sample |
||||
300 |
290 |
280 |
290 |
97 |
Matrix Spike Sample |
||||
300 |
-- |
280 |
||
-- |
280 |
280 |
93 |
|
Blank |
||||
0 |
ND |
--- |
ND |
--- |
ND = none detected at or above the limit of quantitation of 0.033 mg/L. |
Cell growth data from the toxicity test with 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum
Measured Concentration of 3-CLPA (mg/L) |
Replicate |
Number of Cells per Milliliter |
|||
Hour of Exposure |
|||||
0 |
24 |
48 |
72 |
||
Control |
1 |
10,000 |
64,000 |
380,000 |
970,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
60,000 |
230,000 |
1,228,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
62,000 |
196,000 |
1,066,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
62,000 |
269,000 |
1,088,000 |
|
71.0 |
1 |
10,000 |
68,000 |
230,000 |
1,274,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
62,000 |
214,000 |
1,198,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
58,000 |
204,000 |
1,116,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
63,000 |
216,000 |
1,196,000 |
|
% control |
100 |
102 |
80 |
110 |
|
150 |
1 |
10,000 |
62,000 |
210,000 |
1,030,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
66,000 |
200,000 |
1,124,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
56,000 |
200,000 |
1,084,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
61,000 |
203,000 |
1,079,000 |
|
% control |
100 |
98 |
75 |
99 |
|
290 |
1 |
10,000 |
52,000 |
210,000 |
1,048,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
66,000 |
190,000 |
1,078,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
62,000 |
200,000 |
1,092,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
60,000 |
200,000 |
1,073,000 |
|
% control |
100 |
97 |
74 |
99 |
|
560 |
1 |
10,000 |
49,000 |
240,000 |
916,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
48,000 |
150,000 |
944,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
58,000 |
250,000 |
1,010,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
52,000 |
213,000 |
957,000 |
|
% control |
100 |
84 |
79 |
88 |
|
1,100 |
1 |
10,000 |
42,000 |
204,000 |
848,000 |
2 |
10,000 |
43,000 |
160,000 |
756,000 |
|
3 |
10,000 |
50,000 |
170,000 |
766,000 |
|
mean |
10,000 |
45,000 |
178,000 |
790,000 |
|
% control |
100 |
73 |
66 |
73 |
Average specific growth rate from the toxicity test with 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum
Measured Concentration of 3-CLPA(mg/L) |
Average Specific Growth Rate |
|||
Hour of Exposure |
||||
24 |
48 |
72 |
||
Control |
mean |
0.076 |
0.069 |
0.065 |
71 |
mean |
0.077 |
0.064 |
0.066 |
% control |
101 |
93 |
102 |
|
150 |
mean |
0.075 |
0.063 |
0.065 |
% control |
99 |
91 |
100 |
|
290 |
mean |
0.075 |
0.062 |
0.065 |
% control |
99 |
90 |
100 |
|
560 |
mean |
0.069 |
0.064 |
0.063 |
% control |
91 |
93 |
97 |
|
1,100 |
mean |
0.063 |
0.060 |
0.061 |
% control |
83 |
87 |
94 |
Area under the growth curve from the toxicity test with 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum
Measured Concentration of 3-CLPA (mg/L) |
Area Under the Growth Curve |
|||
Hour of Exposure |
||||
24 |
48 |
72 |
||
Control |
mean |
624,000 |
4,356,000 |
20,400,000 |
71 |
mean |
636,000 |
3,744,000 |
20,448,000 |
% control |
102 |
86 |
100 |
|
150 |
mean |
612,000 |
3,540,000 |
18,684,000 |
% control |
98 |
81 |
92 |
|
290 |
mean |
600,000 |
3,480,000 |
18,516,000 |
% control |
96 |
80 |
91 |
|
560 |
mean |
504,000 |
3,444,000 |
17,244,000 |
% control |
81 |
79 |
85 |
|
1,100 |
mean |
420,000 |
2,856,000 |
14,232,000 |
% control |
67 |
66 |
70 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The 72-h EC50 value was determined to be >1200 mg/L and the 72-h NOEC value was 560 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity towards freshwater algae was determined in a study according to OECD TG 201 and in compliance with GLP criteria. In this study, exponentially growing freshwater alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were exposed to nominal test substance concentrations of 0, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/L for 72 hours under static conditions. The test was performed in 3 replicates per test concentration. Test concentrations were analytically verified at the start and the end of exposure and measured concentrations remained within ±20% of nominal. The cell concentration in each flask was determined at the start of the test and after 24, 48, and 72 hours exposure. The mean value of the cell concentration for each test concentration was plotted against time to produce growth curves from which the percentage inhibition of biomass (i.e.cell growth as calculated by comparison of Areas Under the Growth curves (AUG)) and the average specific growth rate for exponentially growing cultures was calculated. The 72-h EC50 value for growth rate (ErC50) was determined at >1100 mg/L. The 72 -h NOEC value was 560 mg/L.
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