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EC number: 236-852-7 | CAS number: 13515-40-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Water solubility
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- water solubility
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2008
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Test procedure according to method of Analytical Expert Group ETAD (Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturer)
- Justification for type of information:
- This summary justification relates to organic pigments that (a) do not contain metals and do not represent salts, (b) are poorly soluble in water and n-octanol, (c) have a molecular weight > 200 g/mol and (d) have no surface modification that may change the properties of the substance (poorly soluble organic pigments (PSOPs) hereafter). The full justification, the sections referred to as well as the references are provided in the justification document attached in section 13.2.
1. The criteria of the nanomaterial definition have no scientific basis.
With respect to the upper limit of 100 nm, Commission Recommendation 2011/696/EU states that ‘there is no scientific evidence to support the appropriateness of this value’. With respect to the 50% threshold, a review of this Commission Recommendation states that ‘(s)ince the EC definition of nanomaterial should not be related to hazard or risk considerations, the selection of a threshold is essentially a policy choice and should be justified as such’ (Rauscher et al., 2015). Given the lack of a scientific basis of the criteria for the nanomaterial definition, it is inconceivable why the water solubility is considered an appropriate parameter for bulk forms of PSOPs, while it is not considered an appropriate parameter for nanoforms of PSOPs and why consideration of the effect of dispersion is of particular concern for nanoforms of PSOPs (see section 2.1 for more details).
2. The particle size of constituent particles used for classifying PSOPs as ‘nano’ or ‘bulk’ is irrelevant for their properties.
The particle size of constituent particles as determined by TEM image analysis for classification purposes according to the Commission Recommendation is of no relevance for the solubility or dissolution of PSOPs. Such particle size determinations (a) neglect the high degree of agglomeration/aggregation of the manufactured PSOP powders, (b) involve dispersion techniques that may not adequately reflect the dispersion of PSOPs in pigment preparations, test media or the environment and (c) do not address dynamic processes such as reagglomeration or Ostwald ripening taking place over time under real-world conditions (see section 2.2 for more details).
3. Bulk and nanoforms as well as different nanoforms of PSOPs both are poorly water soluble.
One of the concerns with respect to the water solubility of nanomaterials relates to the fact ‘that water solubility has the potential to increase for materials in the nano-size range due to their decreasing particle size and it may also be affected by their shape and surface coating’ (ECHA, 2017d). This effect is irrelevant for PSOPs. While OECD (2019) defines ‘poorly/sparingly water-soluble’ chemicals as those having a water solubility < 100 mg/L, ECHA (2017a) uses a stricter cut-off value of 1 mg/L. All PSOPs have water solubilities < 1 mg/L and most PSOPs have considerably lower water solubilities (< 0.05 mg/L). Importantly, the underlying evaluation by Stratmann et al. (2020) focussed on nanoforms of organic pigments covering different shapes and sizes. This finding demonstrates that nanoforms of PSOPs are also poorly water soluble despite a putatively higher specific surface area. Consequently, there is no relevant difference between bulk and nanoforms of PSOPs with all forms being poorly soluble in water. This observation can be explained by (a) the lacking scientific basis of the nanomaterial definition criteria (see above), (b) the fact that insolubility in water (as well as most solvents) is a functional requirement of organic pigments and (c) the fact that the PSOP definition excludes organic pigments with structural elements associated with a higher water solubility (see sections 1.1 and 1.2 for more details).
According to REACH Annex VII, 7.7, the potential confounding effect of dispersion shall be considered specifically for nanoforms while conducting a study. However, this issue is in fact not unique to nanoforms. This is also recognised in ECHA (2017d): ‘It is important to recognise that solubility and dispersibility are different and distinct phenomena (…) and it is important to differentiate between them. This situation is not unique to nanomaterials…’. The same document states that ‘this problem may be further amplified in the case of sparingly soluble nanomaterials’. While PSOPs are ‘sparingly soluble’, the differentiation between solubility and dispersibility is not a major issue due to the intrinsically high propensity of PSOPs to from aggregates and - particularly in aquatic media - to agglomerate (low dispersibility), allowing for reliable separation via filtration (also see section 2.2).
4. The low water solubility and expected low dissolution rate result in identical testing strategies. The considerations above demonstrate that bulk and nanoforms of PSOPs behave similarly and fast dissolution (see discussion below) can neither be expected for bulk nor nanoforms of an PSOP. The property is thus unrelated to the ‘nano character’ of PSOPs. More generally also ECHA (2017d) acknowledged: ‘Part of the advice provided is not strictly nano-specific and may for instance also be applicable to other particulate materials (e.g. relevance of dissolution rate)’. In consequence, the poor water solubility of (bulk and nanoform) PSOPs results in the same testing paradigm (focus on long-term ecotoxicity testing) as the low (or moderate) dissolution assumed (see discussion below).
5. The high relevance attributed to the dissolution rate applies to inorganic (and/or engineered) nanoparticles, but not to PSOPs. The suggestion that the dissolution rate is more relevant than the water solubility in the case of nanoforms is exclusively based on experience/data obtained for inorganic nanomaterials. The methods discussed in OECD (2020) are solely based on the ones developed for metals and metal compounds as described in OECD (2001). The OECD TG for the dissolution rate currently under development will also be based on OECD (2001), i.e. the one for the dissolution of metals/metal compounds. Overall, the issue of dissolution (rather than solubility) was originally identified as critical for metal compounds irrespective of ‘nano considerations’ (OECD, 2001) with questionable relevance for PSOPs. For metal compounds (and e.g. other materials with relevant surface functionalisation), dissolution (i.e. release of ions) may be of concern irrespective of a nano or bulk character. For example, both the nanoform and the bulk form of barium sulphate showed significant dissolution in a flow-through test (Koltermann-Jülly et al., 2018). The apparent applicability to metals/metal compounds is also evident in IUCLID (version 6.5) section 4.8, where the endpoints that can be entered are either ‘water solubility’ or ‘transformation/dissolution of metals and inorganic metal compounds’ (see section 2.3 for more details). Especially for PSOPs, the high propensity to form aggregates and agglomerates (increasing with decreasing particle size) compensates for the theoretical increase in specific surface area with decreasing particle size – the increase in specific surface area is, however, the scientific basis to assume a higher dissolution rate for nanomaterial compared to bulk.
6. No adopted test method exists for the determination of the dissolution rate. No adopted OECD Test Guideline (TG) or EU Test Method in Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 exists for the determination of the dissolution rate. As noted above, methods discussed in OECD (2020) were developed from the ones for metals and metal compounds described in OECD (2001). While ‘in principle’ the test procedures ‘may also be applicable for testing non-metal nanomaterials, (…) analytical possibilities still limit these options’ and that ‘the decision on an appropriate analytic method currently can only be done case-by-case’ (OECD, 2020). In the absence of an appropriate guideline for testing the dissolution of nanomaterials, the relevant ECHA Guidance (ECHA, 2017d) refers to two OECD documents, including OECD GD 29 (OECD, 2001; 2015). Again, these documents treat the release of ions from metals/metal compounds without relevance for PSOPs.
7. Analytical problems exist for PSOPs in determining the dissolution rate. For PSOPs, the analytical problems already recognised in OECD (2020) are indeed a major obstacle for testing the dissolution rate. The main problem is to establish reliable analytical methods with a sufficiently low limit of quantification to demonstrate very low dissolution (rates). For a comparatively small number of (both ‘fine’ and ‘coarse’) organic pigments testing the dissolution in water only resulted in values below the limit of detection (Hofmann et al., 2016).
8. The major aim of determining the dissolution rate can be achieved without testing. The results from testing the dissolution rate in water are primarily used to define the testing strategy for ecotoxicity testing. In this respect, the REACH Annexes suggest long-term testing ‘if the substance is poorly water soluble, or for nanoforms if they have low dissolution rate in the relevant test media’. Somewhat in contrast, ECHA (2017c) recommends long-term toxicity testing for nanomaterials that do ‘not dissolve fast’. This Guidance would therefore recommend long-term toxicity testing also for nanoforms showing moderate dissolution rates, while the REACH Annexes do not. Sticking to the recommendations in ECHA (2017c), long-term toxicity testing is recommended for bulk and nanoforms of PSOPs alike due to their poor water solubility and because fast dissolution is not expected.
Overall, the water solubility of PSOPs is low (<1 mg/L), irrespective of whether these exist in bulk or nanoform. Due to (a) the lack of an adopted test method, (b) the problems discussed above and (c) the fact that an adequate testing strategy can be defined without determining the dissolution rate, such testing is not required. The water solubility is therefore an adequate parameter for defining the fate and testing strategy for the submission substance.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 008
- Report date:
- 2008
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Determination of water solubility by UV-vis spectrometry.
Test procedure according to method of Analytical Expert Group ETAD (Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturer) - Type of method:
- other: ETAD method (see below)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutyramide
- EC Number:
- 236-852-7
- EC Name:
- 2-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutyramide
- Cas Number:
- 13515-40-7
- Molecular formula:
- C17H15ClN4O5
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-[(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
- Test material form:
- solid: nanoform, no surface treatment
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Water solubility
- Key result
- Water solubility:
- 19.3 µg/L
- Temp.:
- 24 °C
- pH:
- ca. 7
- Details on results:
- The value given refers to room temperature (23-24 °C, 24°C given here) and represents the mean from 3 determinations (sigma = 3.0). Individual values were: 17.2, 18.0 and 22.7 µg/L.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results: insoluble (< 0.1 mg/L).
The test substance is insoluble in water. - Executive summary:
The water solubility of the test substance was determined by UV-vis spectrometry to be 19.3 µg/L at 23 -24°C.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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