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EC number: 205-027-3 | CAS number: 131-54-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- information not available
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Information not available.
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Guideline:
- other: not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: test material obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) - Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: a stock solution was prepared in reconstituted water (ISO 1982)
- Controls: reconstituted ISO water - Test organisms (species):
- other aquatic worm: Freshwater planarian D. japonica
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Dugesia japonica
- Justification for species other than prescribed by test guideline: Freshwater free-living planarians are common aquatic invertebrates in both unpolluted rivers and lakes, and play an important role in aquatic ecosystem by acting as carnivores, omnivores, or detritivores. Freshwater planarians have been suggested as suitable
test organisms for various types of short-term toxicity bioassays. In particular, they are sensitive to different types of environmental pollutants and can be easily maintained in laboratory inexpensively. For example, freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica, showed a similar sensitivity to acute toxicity of different surfactants compared with the most common invertebrate test species, Daphnia magna.
- Source: D. japonica, were collected from Nan-shi stream located in Wu-Lai (24 790 N, 121 520 E) of northern Taiwan. Since then, the animals have been maintained asexually in dechlorinated tap water at room temperature and were fed with raw chicken liver once a week.
- Feeding during test: No. The test animals were not fed at least 4 days before the start of the toxicity tests and during the whole test duration.
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF EARLY INSTARS OR OTHER LIFE STAGES: The planarians used for the test had a body length of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 25 ± 1 °C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0.5 - 50 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: beakers
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 50mL of test solution in a glass beaker :
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 5
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 5
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: reconstituted water (ISO 1982), including 2.5 mmol/L CaCl2, 0.4 mmol/L MgSO4, 0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3, and 77 mmol/L KCl.
- Culture medium different from test medium: Yes, dechlorinated tap water.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12 : 12 h dark/light cycle
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : The animals were inspected every 24 h for mortality during the entire 96 h experimental period. The organisms without detectable movement were considered dead and removed from test solution.
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: no - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits: 1.7 - 2.7 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 2.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits: 1.7 - 2.7 mg/L
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits: 10.9 - 17.9 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 35 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The concentrations that were lethal to 50% of the organisms (LC50) at 24, 48, 72, or 96 h were calculated using trimmed Spearman–Karber analysis with trimmed
Spearman–Karber program (version 1.5) which were obtained from Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (USEPA, Cincinnati, OH). The Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between acute toxicity of D. japonica and D. magna. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a study with the aquatic invertebrate Dugesia japonica under static conditions, toxic effects of 2,2-Dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-6) were investigated. The following results were determined for the compound: LC50 (24 h) = 35 mg/L, LC50 (48 h) = 14 mg/L, LC50 (72 h) = 2.1 mg/L, LC50 (96h) = 2.1 mg/L. The LC50 (48h) was regarded as key value, since the test duration of 48 h is recommended for acute toxicity testing on aquatic invertebrates according to relevant standard test guidelines.
Based on this result, the test item does not need to be classified as acute toxic to the aquatic environment. With regard to chronic toxicity, taking into account the facts that the test item is soluble in water, i.e. above the determined EC50 value, and not readily biodegradable, the test item should be classified as aquatic chronic Cat. 3. - Executive summary:
Within this study fourteen benzophenone-type UV filters and four paraben preservatives were selected to examine their acute toxicities on Dugesia japonica. The 48-h LC50 values for planarians exposed to benzophenone-type UV filters can be ranked as oxybenzone >mexenone >5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone >2,4- dihydroxybenzophenone >hydroxybenzophenone >dioxybenzone>benzophenone >2,2,4,4-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone >4-hydroxybenzophenone >3-hydroxybenzophenone >4,4-dihydroxybenzophenone >2,2-dihydroxy-4,4-Dimethoxybenzophenone >2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone >sulisobenzone with a range from 0.9 to 145 mg/L with a similar sequence for the 96 h LC50 values, ranging from 0.5 to 77mg/L. Among all the tested chemicals, oxybenzone was the most toxic and sulisobenzone the least toxic chemical to planarian at each exposure period. Most benzophenone-type UV filters are toxic to aquatic animals with 48 h LC50 values less than 10 mg/L, except for 2,2-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone, and sulisobenzone.
The LC50 (48h) for Dugesia japonica exposed to 2,2-Dihydroxy-4,4-dimethoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-6, CAS 131-54-4) was determined to be 14 mg/L.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Acute Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Benzophenone and N,N-Diethyl-3 Methylbenzamide in Personal Care Products
- Author:
- Sun H-Q
- Year:
- 2 016
- Bibliographic source:
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - Open Access Journal (www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph)
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Chinese National Standards: GB/T 16125-2012 (daphnia magna straus)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- test duration of 24 h only
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 6341 (Water quality - Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea))
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzophenone
- EC Number:
- 204-337-6
- EC Name:
- Benzophenone
- Cas Number:
- 119-61-9
- Molecular formula:
- C13H10O
- IUPAC Name:
- benzophenone
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: The test material was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China)
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- dimethyl sulfoxide (cosolvent)
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Aerated tap water was used to prepare a serial concentration of Benzophenone solution.
- Eluate:
- Differential loading:
- Controls: Aerated tap water
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): dimethyl sulfoxide (cosolvent)
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution(s) or suspension(s) including control(s)):
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc.):
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna
- Strain/clone: Straus
- Source: obtained from the Freshwater Algae Culture Collection at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan, China). The D. magna were cultured in the laboratory.
ACCLIMATION
not specified
METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF EARLY INSTARS OR OTHER LIFE STAGES:
The D. magna for the test were 6–24-h old.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 h
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 25 ± 2 °C
- pH:
- 7.0 - 8.0
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The chemical concentrations of the definitive test were set up based on the results of the pre-test, so the concentration range is narrow and has good linear relation to the mortality rates. Five concentrations in the concentration range of 2.00 - 12.00 mg/L were tested.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: beakers
- Type (delete if not applicable): open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 100-mL glass beaker with 80 mL of solution
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 3 (cosolvent)
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Aerated tap water
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
The numbers of the dead individuals were recorded at the end of the test.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: not specified
- Range finding study: A pre-test was conducted but no details were specified in the publication.
- Test concentrations: 2.00 - 12.00 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: The chemical concentrations were set up based on the results of a pre-test, so the concentration range is narrow and has good linear relation to the mortality rates. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- The D. magna were cultured in the laboratory and were tested by potassium dichromate before the toxicity experiments.
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Key result
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 7.63 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence intervall: 7.13 - 8.14 mg/L
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- IBM SPSS version 20 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was applied to calculate the 24-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of D. magna.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results
There was no significant difference between the dimethyl sulfoxide control group at the highest concentration and the blank control group for D. magna lethal rate by analysis of variance. This indicated that dimethyl sulfoxide had no repression effect on D. magna in this study. All the results were analyzed by comparing the testing to the blank control groups.
Acute Toxicity of Benzophenone to Daphnia magna
When the concentrations range from 2.00 to 12.00 mg/L, the relationship between the mortality of D. magna and Benzophenone concentration was described by a linear equation:
y = -10.802 + 7.989x, (x : 2.00 mg/L - 12.00 mg/L)
where x is the Benzophenone concentration, and y is the mortality of D. magna (%).
The 24-h LC50 of D. magna for Benzophenone was 7.63 mg/L (95% confidence interval: 7.13–8.14 mg/L)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The study was performed according to Chinese National Standards (GB/T 16125-2012 (daphnia magna straus)) on Benzophenone without obvious deviations which may have impact on the validity of the study. Thus, the results were obtained via a scientifically reasonable method. Hence, there is no doubt that the obtained results are not reliable.
Under the conditions of the test, there was a significant mortality of daphnias at concentrations >2.00 mg/L. The following LC-value was determined accordingly after 24 hours: LC50 = 7.63 mg/L. - Executive summary:
In the present 24 h acute toxicity sudy according to Chinese National Standards, the toxic effect of Benzophenone and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide on Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, and Brachydanio rerio was tested and the ecotoxicological risks were evaluated.
For Benzophenone the 24-h median lethal concentration (LC50) on Daphnia magna was 7.63 mg/L.
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