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EC number: 218-529-2 | CAS number: 2173-57-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 22 July 2016 - 09 September 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2004
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
- Version / remarks:
- 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult items and mixtures, OECD series on testing and assessment number 23, December 14, 2000.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- 2.0 mL samples from all test concentrations and the control (taken from approximate centre of the test vessels) at the start and the end of both 24-hour renewal periods. At the end of each renewal period, samples were taken from one replicate of each test concentration and the control (replicates were not pooled).
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION:
The test item was a white solid and was heated to approximately 60°C during a period of about one hour prior to weighing. During this time, the test item turned into a clear liquid. No correction was made for the composition of the test item. Preparation of test solutions started with a loading rate of 100 mg/L applying three days of magnetic stirring with minimum headspace followed by a settlement period of maximal 3.5 hours. Afterwards, the Saturated Solution (SS) was siphoned off and used as the highest test concentration. The lower test concentrations were prepared by subsequent dilutions of the SS in test medium. All final test solutions were clear and colourless. The controls contained test medium without test item or other additives. - Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magnia (Straus, 1820)
- Source: In-house laboratory culture with a known history, at least third generation, obtained by a cyclical parthenogenesis under specified breeding conditions. Daphnids originated from a healthy stock, 2nd to 5th brood, showing no signs of stress such as mortality >20%, presence of males, ephippia or discoloured animals and there was no delay in the production of the first brood.
- Age at study initiation: young daphnids with an age of < 24 hours, from parental daphnids of more than two weeks old.
- Method of breeding: start of each batch with newborn daphnids, i.e. less than 3 days old, by placing about 250 of them into 5 litres of medium (M7) in an all-glass culture vessel. Cultures were renewed after 7 days of cultivation, half of the medium twice a week.
- Feeding during test: no
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: no - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- none
- Hardness:
- 180 mg/L (as CaCO3)
- Test temperature:
- 20 - 21 °C
- pH:
- 8.0-8.1 (in fresh and old solutions)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 8.6 - 9.2 mg/L (fresh solutions)
8.5 - 9.0 mg/L (old solutions) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- - Nominal concentrations: 0.46, 1.0, 2.2, 4.6 and 10 % of a saturated solution (SS) prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/L (based on the results of the combined limit/range test).
- Average measured exposure concentrations: 0.10, 0.18, 0.39, 0.72 and 1.3 mg/L
Effect parameters were determined using geometric mean measured concentrations (see 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'). - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 60 mL, all-glass, minimum headspace, closed airtight, fil volume: 60 mL
- Aeration: no
- Renewal rate of test solution: after 24 hours
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: adjusted ISO medium
- Culture medium different from test medium: yes, M7
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 h daily
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
Mobility at 24 and 48 hours
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL APAREMETERS MEASURED
pH and dissolved oxygen were measured at the start and the end of both renewal periods, for all concentrations and the control; temperature of medium was measured continuously in a temperature control vessel, beginning at the start of the test. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate (July 2016)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.34 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.27 - 0.41 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.89 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.74 - 1.0 mg/L
- Details on results:
- - Behavioural abnormalities: trapping at surface of test solutions was observed in all test levels (but not all replicates of 0.10, 0.39, 0.72 and 1.3 mg/L, all replicates of 0.18 mg/L) after 24 hours, and in one replicate of 0.10 mg/L and all replicates of 0.18 and 0.39 mg/L test solutions after 48 hours (see table 3 below)
- Other biological observations: none reported
- Immobility of control: yes, 10% immobilized at 24 and 48 hours
- Other adverse effects control: no
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: no
- Individual pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen values remained within acceptable limits throughout the duration of the study. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- 48-EC50: 0.39 mg/L (95%-CI: 0.33 - 0.44 mg/L)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - The 24 and 48 -h EC50 values were calculated from the weibits of the percentages of affected daphnids and the logarithms of the corresponding test item concentrations (average) using the maximum likelihood estimation method.
- ToxRat Professional v. 3.2.1 (ToxRat Solutions®GmbH, Germany) was used to perform the analyses - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The criteria as presented in See 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables' are fulfilled.
- Conclusions:
- The 48h-EC50 value to Daphnia magna was 0.34 mg/L based on geometric mean concentrations.
- Executive summary:
Based on the results of a combined limit/range-finding test, the following nominal concentrations were used in the definitive test: 0.46, 1.0, 2.2, 4.6 and 10% of a saturated solution prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/L. For each concentration and a control group, twenty Daphnia magna (less than 24 hours old) were exposed for 48 hours in air-tight closed vessels. The incidence of immobilisation was recorded for each test and control group at 24 hours and at 48 hours. Samples taken from all concentrations at the start and the end of both 24-hour renewal periods were analysed with a validated UPLC method. The maximum water solubility was 0.8 - 2.7 mg/l and the (dilutions of the) concentrations in the saturated solutions were not fully repeatable. At the end of the 24 hours renewal period the measured concentration were ca 50-95% of the initial measured ones. Therefore the final concentrations tested were based on geometric mean measured concentrations: 0.10, 0.18, 0.39, 0.72 and 1.3 mg/L. The 48h-EC50 value to Daphnia magna was 0.34 mg/L based on geometric mean measured concentrations.
Reference
For details on measured concentrations per time period, see table 1 below. All concentrations decreased slightly to 58-95% of initial at the end of the first 24-hour renewal period. Measured concentrations at the start of the second renewal period were 0.071, 0.38, 0.65, 1.4 and 2.7 mg/L in 0.46, 1.0, 2.2, 4.6 and 10% of a SS prepared at 100 mg/L, respectively. The four highest test concentrations decreased to 50-79% of initial at the end of the test, while in the lowest test concentration an unexpected high 0.37 mg/L was measured (522% relative to the analysed value in the freshly prepared solution). These results indicated that the preparation of the SS was not repeatable and that the decrease of concentrations during the 24-hour renewal periods was not consistent over the tested concentration range. Given this result, the EC50 values were expressed in terms of the average measured exposure concentrations (see Table 2). The range tested based on the average measured concentrations was 0.10, 0.18, 0.39, 0.72 and 1.3 mg/L.
Because of the unexpected high measured concentration of 0.37 mg/L at t=48, it was decided to analyse the reserve samples. Analysis of the reserve samples taken at the end of the second renewal period was consistent with the measured concentrations in the main set of samples, except for the lowest concentration where now a lower concentration of 0.13 mg/L was measured. The mean of the two measurements was used at t=48 hours.
Table 1 Concentrations of the test item in test medium - final test
Time of sampling 1 [hours] |
Percentage of SS2 [%] |
Analysed concentration [mg/L] |
Relative to initial [%] |
|
|
|
|
0 (fresh) |
0 |
n.d. |
|
|
0.46 |
0.0860 |
|
|
1.0 |
0.105 |
|
|
2.2 |
0.182 |
|
|
4.6 |
0.402 |
|
|
10 |
0.823 |
|
|
|
|
|
24 (old) |
0 |
n.d. |
n.a. |
|
0.46 |
0.0533 |
62 |
|
1.0 |
0.0607 |
58 |
|
2.2 |
0.169 |
93 |
|
4.6 |
0.382 |
95 |
|
10 |
0.686 |
83 |
|
|
|
|
24 (fresh) |
0 |
n.d. |
|
|
0.46 |
0.0709 |
|
|
1.0 |
0.375 |
|
|
2.2 |
0.653 |
|
|
4.6 |
1.38 |
|
|
10 |
2.68 |
|
|
|
|
|
48 (old) |
0 |
n.d. |
n.a. |
|
0.46 |
0.370 |
522* |
|
1.0 |
0.217 |
58 |
|
2.2 |
0.516 |
79 |
|
4.6 |
0.815 |
59 |
|
10 |
1.33 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
48 (old)3 |
0 |
n.d. |
n.a. |
|
0.46 |
0.133 |
187 |
|
1.0 |
0.216 |
58 |
|
2.2 |
0.627 |
96 |
|
4.6 |
0.798 |
58 |
|
10 |
1.34 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
1 Samples were stored in the freezer (≤ -15°C) until the day of analysis.
2 Percentage of a saturated solution prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/L.
3 Reserve samples.
n.d. Not detected. The limit of detection of the method was determined to be 0.0021 mg/L taking a dilution factor of two into account.
n.a. Not applicable.
* After a second sample the measuered 522% showed to be 187% and more in line with the other measured concentrations.
Table 2 Average exposure concentration versus nominal concentration
Naph Iso Butyl Ether Beta % SS prep. at 100 mg/L |
Measured concentration (mg/L) |
Average exposure concentration (mg/L) |
|||||
t=0h (fresh) |
t=24h (old) |
t=24h (fresh) |
t=48h (old) |
t=48h (old - reserve) |
t=48h (old - average) |
||
0.46 |
0.0860 |
0.0533 |
0.0709 |
0.370 |
0.133 |
0.25 |
0.10 |
1.0 |
0.105 |
0.0607 |
0.375 |
0.217 |
0.216 |
0.22 |
0.18 |
2.2 |
0.182 |
0.169 |
0.653 |
0.516 |
0.627 |
0.57 |
0.39 |
4.6 |
0.402 |
0.382 |
1.38 |
0.815 |
0.798 |
0.81 |
0.72 |
10 |
0.823 |
0.686 |
2.68 |
1.33 |
1.34 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
Table 3 Number of introduced daphnids and incidence of immobility in the final test
Time (h) |
Replicate |
Average concentration Naph Iso Butyl Ether Beta (mg/L) |
|||||
Control |
0.10 |
0.18 |
0.39 |
0.72 |
1.3 |
||
0 |
A |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
B |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
C |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
D |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Total introduced |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
|
24 |
A |
0 |
0 (1) |
0 (2) |
0 |
3 (4) |
5 (1) |
B |
0 |
0 |
0 (1) |
0 |
1 (2) |
5 (1) |
|
C |
1 |
0 (1) |
0 (2) |
0 (2) |
0 |
4 |
|
D |
1 |
0 (1) |
0 (1) |
1 (1) |
2 (1) |
4 |
|
Total immobilised |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
18 |
|
Effect % |
10 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
30 |
90 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
48 |
A |
0 |
1 |
0 (2) |
2 (2) |
5 |
5 |
B |
0 |
0 |
0 (3) |
2 (2) |
5 |
5 |
|
C |
1 |
0 |
2 (1) |
3 (3) |
5 |
5 |
|
D |
1 |
1 |
1 (2) |
3 (1) |
5 |
5 |
|
Total immobilised |
2 |
2 |
3 |
10 |
20 |
20 |
|
Effect % |
10 |
10 |
15 |
50 |
100 |
100 |
( ) between brackets: number of daphnia observed trapped at the surface of the test solutions. These organisms were reimmersed into the respective solutions before recording of mobility.
Description of key information
Based on the results of a combined limit/range-finding test, the following nominal concentrations were used in the definitive test: 0.46, 1.0, 2.2, 4.6 and 10% of a saturated solution prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/L. For each concentration and a control group, twenty Daphnia magna (less than 24 hours old) were exposed for 48 hours in air-tight closed vessels. The incidence of immobilisation was recorded for each test and control group at 24 hours and at 48 hours. Samples taken from all concentrations at the start and the end of both 24-hour renewal periods were analysed with a validated UPLC method. The maximum water solubility was 0.8 - 2.7 mg/l and the (dilutions of the) concentrations in the saturated solutions were not fully repeatable. At the end of the 24 hours renewal period the measured concentration were ca 50-95% of the initial measured ones. Therefore the final concentrations tested were based on geometric mean measured concentrations: 0.10, 0.18, 0.39, 0.72 and 1.3 mg/L. The 48h-EC50 value to Daphnia magna was 0.34 mg/L based on geometric mean measured concentrations.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 0.34 mg/L
Additional information
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