Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 243-957-1 | CAS number: 20667-12-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
In line with the risk assessment/classification approach adopted for other metals and inorganic metal compounds (ECHA 2012), terrestrial toxicity information requirements are “read across” from the properties of the soluble silver salts. Almost exclusively these are studies that used silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the test substance. Silver nitrate is considered to be the form of silver with the greatest toxicity. Where applicable, further justification of the validity of this read-across approach is made in endpoint summaries.
It is noted that the scope of the terrestrial effects assessment under REACH is restricted to soil organisms in a narrow sense, i.e., non-vertebrate organisms living the majority of their lifetime within the soil and being exposed via the soil pathway. Reliable chronic toxicity data are available for the long-term effect of silver on 11 terrestrial species or microbial endpoints covering the 3 trophic levels (4 terrestrial plants, 4 invertebrates and 3 microbial endpoints) (Table 1). A total of 135 reliable EC10 and NOEC values, ranging between 0.3 and 488 mg Ag/kg dry weight (dw), were selected for derivation of a PNEC value. All results were obtained with the soluble silver salt AgNO3. Nitrate is not hazardous to soil organisms. It is a major fertilizer constituent and applied in large amounts on soils without impact on soil organisms. Therefore, it can be safely concluded that all effects observed are caused by the silver ion.
The bioavailability and toxicity of silver to soil organisms was significantly affected by the equilibration time and the properties of the soils tested. Toxicity to soil organisms decreased with longer equilibration time, showing lower toxicity in field conditions compared to standard laboratory settings. Toxicity to terrestrial plants decreased with higher organic carbon content and higher pH of the soil. Toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates and microbial endpoints decreased with higher cation exchange capacity of the soil. Toxicity data were only considered reliable and useful for derivation of a PNEC value when information was available on the relevant soil properties of the test soil, allowing normalization of the EC10 and NOEC. Geometric mean values were derived for the most sensitive endpoint per species or microbial process in case multiple data were available for one species or process. Species or process geometric mean values for the most sensitive endpoint without correction for bioavailability vary between 1.4 mg Ag/kg for microbial ammonium oxidation and 301.7 mg Ag/kg for root growth of Sorghum bicolor (Table 1). After correction for differences between lab and field conditions and normalization to the same soil properties of an example reference soil with pH 6, 2% organic carbon, 10% clay and an eCEC of 10 cmolc/kg, species or process mean values vary between 2.6 mg Ag/kg for biomass of the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica and 224.1 mg Ag/kg for root growth of Sorghum bicolor.
Table 1. Overview of the chronic soil toxicity values selected for the PNEC derivation for toxicity of silver to terrestrial organisms (based on total Ag concentrations).
Test organism |
Taxonomic group |
Endpoint* |
Original NOEC or EC10values, not corrected for bioavailability (mg Ag/kg dw) |
NOEC or EC10values corrected for differences between laboratory and field conditions and normalized to the same soil properties** (mg Ag/kg dw) |
||
|
|
Range (and amount) |
Species or process mean |
Range (and amount) |
Species or process mean |
|
Plants |
||||||
Hordeum vulgare |
Poaceae(monocotyledon) |
root elongation |
13.0 – 249.0 (n=15) |
55.6 |
34.0 – 201.2 (n=15) |
75.6 |
shoot elongation |
45.0 – 422.0 (n=14) |
132.3 |
37.9 – 486.7 (n=14) |
166.0 |
||
Lycopersicon esculentum |
Solanaceae(eudicotyledon) |
shoot biomass |
5.3 – 108.0 (n=4) |
35.0 |
19.3 – 98.9 (n=4) |
49.3 |
shoot biomass (aged) |
60.0 – 253.0 (n=2) |
123.2 |
52.7 – 115.8 (n=2) |
78.1 |
||
Shoot height |
5.2 – 62.0 (n=10) |
29.6 |
18.9 – 94.8 (n=10) |
51.6 |
||
Shoot height (aged) |
110.0 – 180.0 (n=4) |
129.1 |
41.6 – 210.9 (n=4) |
86.8 |
||
Phaseolus radiatus |
Fabaceae(eudicotyledon) |
root length |
186.6 (n=1) |
186.6 |
205.5 (n=1) |
205.5 |
shoot length |
298.5 (n=1) |
298.5 |
328.8 (n=1) |
328.8 |
||
Sorghum bicolor |
Poaceae(monocotyledon) |
root length |
301.7 (n=1) |
301.7 |
224.1 (n=1) |
224.1 |
shoot length |
400.0 (n=1) |
400.0 |
297.2 (n=1) |
297.2 |
||
Invertebrates |
||||||
Allolobophora chlorotica |
Lumbricidae(annelida) |
mortality |
35.3 (n=1) |
35.3 |
13.0 (n=1) |
13.0 |
biomass |
7.2 (n=1) |
7.2 |
2.6 (n=1) |
2.6 |
||
Eisenia fetida |
Lumbricidae(annelida) |
reproduction |
5.5 – 108.0 (n=13) |
23.2 |
2.6 – 114.6 (n=13) |
18.4 |
growth |
6.8 – 221.0 (n=14) |
55.5 |
14.1 – 213.3 (n=14) |
52.0 |
||
mortality |
5.3 –211.0 (n=19) |
70.2 |
6.6 –381.6 (n=19) |
79.4 |
||
Enchytraeus crypticus |
Enchytraeidae(annelida) |
reproduction |
11.7 – 38.0 (n=3) |
20.1 |
9.9 – 76.0 |
30.2 |
mortality |
52.0 (n=1) |
52.0 |
104.0 (n=1) |
104.0 |
||
Porcellionides pruinosus |
Porcellionidae(arthropoda) |
biomass |
176.6 (n=1) |
176.6 |
353.1 (n=1) |
353.1 |
mortality |
40.6 (n=1) |
40.6 |
81.1 (n=1) |
81.1 |
||
Microorganisms |
||||||
Natural soil microbial communities |
nitrogen transformation |
potential nitrification rate |
1.2 –488.0(n=11) |
29.8 |
6.0 – 57.1 (n=11) |
15.7 |
substrate induced nitrification |
0.3 – 371.0 (n=13) |
35.6 |
0.5 – 91.5 (n=13) |
19.0 |
||
potential ammonium oxidation |
1.4 (n=1) |
1.4 |
27.7 (n=1) |
27.7 |
||
carbon transformation |
glucose induced respiration |
6.0 – 42.0 |
15.9 |
2.0 – 9.8 |
4.4 |
|
|
biomass |
2.5 (n=1) |
2.5 |
49.5 (n=1) |
49.5 |
* The most sensitive endpoints selected are marked in bold.
** pH 6, 2% organic carbon, 10% clay, eCEC 10 cmolc/kg.
Since the available ecotoxicity database for the effects of Ag to soil organisms is large, the use of the statistical extrapolation method is preferred for PNEC derivation. Based on an uncertainty analysis, the application of an Assessment Factor of 3 is proposed on theHC5,50%derived with the statistical extrapolation methodfor the derivation of a robust and ecological relevant PNEC to be retained for the risk characterization.
The reasonable worst-case PNECsoil, based on the10thpercentile of the distribution of normalized HC5,50%values for an extensive, representative dataset of 4116 European soils,is 1.05 mg Ag/kg dry weight.If information on specific soil type and soil conditions is available, a soil-specific PNECsoilcan be calculated, by applying the bioavailability corrections depending on soil properties.
For full details of the calculated PNEC and the identification and selection of the data see the PNEC summary document attached in IUCLID Section 13.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)