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EC number: 439-590-3 | CAS number: 12158-75-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Sediment toxicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sediment toxicity: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Already evaluated by the Competent Authorities for Biocides and Existing Substance Regulations.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 218 (Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- other: see freetext
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- copper chloride
- IUPAC Name:
- copper chloride
- Details on test material:
- Test substance: other TS: Cu2+ as delivered as CuSO4
Analytical purity: no data
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- At T0 and Tend
Test substrate
- Details on sediment and application:
- first type of sediments tested was Laboratory Formulated Sediments.
Field collected Natural Sediment: collected at 5 Belgian sites (Brakel site, Kraenepoel 1 and 2, IJzer and Leuven) and cleaned by hand sorting or press sieving.
Spiked sediments were stabilized/ equilibrated for 8-11 days befor test initiation
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Tubifex tubifex, Hyallela azteca, Chironomus riparius, Lumbriculus variegatus, Gammarus pulex
- Details on test organisms:
- Origin: in house cultures
T. tubifex: adult organisms; H. azteca: 7 days old juveniles; C. riparius: 48h old larvae; L. variegatus: adult organisms with complete regeneration of tail or head (4-5 cm length), G. pulex: 21 days old juveniles
Study design
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Type of sediment:
- natural sediment
- Limit test:
- no
Exposure duration
- Exposure phase:
- total exposure duration
- Remarks:
- 28-35 days, depending on the test organism
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- 192-227 mg CaCO3/L
- Test temperature:
- T. tubifex, H. azteca and L. variegatus: 23 +/- 2°C
C. riparius: 20 +/- 2°C
G. pulex: 15 +/- 2°C - pH:
- range 7.2-7.8
- Ammonia:
- range: 0.2-1.4
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Measured
- Details on test conditions:
- 16:8 light dark photoperiod
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 140 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: Hyalella azteca; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 49.9 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Hyalella azteca; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 59.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 59.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 292 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 292 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- emergence rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 505.9 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 177.1 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.15 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 75.4 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.15 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 54.2 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 1 sediment: AVS 0.28 mmol/kg; OC 2.12%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 54.4 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 1 sediment: AVS 0.28 mmol/kg; OC 2.12%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 85.4 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 55.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 80.5 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: L. variegatus; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 91.8 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: L. variegatus; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
- Duration:
- 35 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 94.7 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: G. pulex; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
- Duration:
- 35 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 94.7 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: G. pulex; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
- Duration:
- 35 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 97.4 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Remarks on result:
- other: G. pulex; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.21 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
- Duration:
- 35 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.6 mg/kg sediment dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cu
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: G. pulex; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.21 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
- Details on results:
- Part 2 of the results. Other results see 'De Schamphelaere, 2005 -- Part 1'.
Only the NOEC values used for the PNEC derivation are shown. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Logistic model, Mann-Whitney U test.
Statistica 6.0 software was used for all statistics.
Any other information on results incl. tables
see Executive summary
Comment : In the report of the Schamphelaere et al (2005) it was indicated that
- the endpoint reproduction was considered less suitable for estimating copper effects forH. aztecasince during the additional 14 days water exposure analysis the organism might have recovered by eliminating part of their accumulated copper. In this report we concur with this view and hence only the endpoints on survival and growth were retained as Q1 data forH. azteca. The endpoint reproduction was assigned the Q2 label.
- For the midgeC. ripariusall endpoints (survival, growth and emergence) were deemed appropriate (Q1). Only the results with theLeuvensediment had to be discarded since only 8 % survival was recorded in the controls (Q2).
- For the oligochaeteT. tubifexall results were selected as Q 1 data. Although for the Kraenepoel 2 sediments the pH of both pore water and overlying water were close to 6.
-The endpoint selected for the interpretation of the results with the oligochaeteL. variegatuswas total biomass since it integrates all relevant processes (fragmentation, growth and survival) and is a good indication of population growth.
-For the amphipod G. pulex all the endpoints considered (survival and growth) were retained
Additional info : full study-report and full excel table- see De Schamphelaere et al., 2005 part 1.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Good quality study. The reliable NOEC data and OC normalization were used for the PNEC derivation. Only test results from sediments with AVS<0/77 µmol/g dry weight are retained and reported below
- Executive summary:
Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and organic carbon (OC) reduce chronic toxicity of Cu to benthic organisms. This is demonstrated by the general pattern of increased effect concentrations at higher AVS and higher OC levels in artificial sediments, and also by the higher effect concentrations in natural sediments with high AVS/highOC vs. low AVS/low OC.
The effect of AVS is difficult to interpret due to copper-specific analytical artefacts of the SEM/AVS extraction procedure, co-occurrence of Cu(II)S and Cu(I)2S, and potential bioturbation, which was not always measured. Only low AVS data are therefore considered for the PNEC.
Organic carbon is almost linearly nearly proportional to the effect concentrations : increasing NOECs with increasing OC content in artificial sediments. In general, after normalizing the NOECs for organic carbon, the variability in effect concentrations in artificial sediment was reduced from an average of factor 4.0-7.2 (cross-species) to an average of factor 1.5-1.8 (cross-species). There is no consistent trend (across endpoints or organisms) that OC-normalized copper toxicity in natural sediments is different than in artificial sediments. That means, the Cu-binding capacity of natural organic carbon is not consistently lower or higher than that of artificial organic carbon. The differences among natural sediments concerning the toxicity reducing capacity of OC are relatively minor in most cases, i.e. either within the experimental variability or a difference of less than a factor of 2. The remaining uncertainty (variability) among natural sediments may be related to less important bioavailability modifying parameters which were not yet considered (e.g. pH).
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