trans-cinnamic acid

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

One key study is available for the endpoint in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria. The study is performed in accordance with the appropriate OECD guideline and under the conditions of GLP.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

The study was conducted between 25 April 2018 and 04 May 2018

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

Date of Inspection - 18/07/2017-20/07/2017 Date of Issue: 26/11/2017

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Batch No.: 74271
- Lot No.: 20171106
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 10 April 2020

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature in the dark over silica gel

Target gene:

Histidine operon for Salmonella
Tryptophan operon for E.Coli

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9-Mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate (assayed in triplicate)
The maximum concentration was 5000 µg/plate (the OECD TG 471 maximum recommended dose level)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test item was insoluble in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/mL but was fully soluble in dimethyl sulphoxide at the same concentration in solubility checks performed in-house.Dimethyl sulphoxide was therefore selected as the vehicle.

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

9-aminoacridine

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

benzo(a)pyrene

other: 2-aminoanthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION:
Experiment 1: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Preincubation period: n/a
- Exposure duration: 48 hours

EXAMINATIONS:
The plates were viewed microscopically for evidence of thinning (toxicity). Sporadic manual counts were performed due to spreading colonies which prevented an accurate automated count.


EXPERIMENT 2
METHOD OF APPLICATION:
pre-incubation method


DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 minutes
- Exposure duration: 48 hours


EXAMINATIONS:
- Plates were scored for the presence of revertant colonies using an automated colony counting system. The plates were viewed microscopically for evidence of thinning (toxicity).

Evaluation criteria:

There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any, one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study:
1. A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby, 1979).
2. A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
3. Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
4. A fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for TA100, TA98 and WP2uvrA or a three-fold increase for TA1535 and TA1537 (especially if accompanied by an out-of-historical range response (Cariello and Piegorsch, 1996)).
5. Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).

A test item will be considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
Although most experiments will give clear positive or negative results, in some instances the data generated will prohibit making a definite judgment about test item activity. Results of this type will be reported as equivocal.

Statistics:

Statistical Analysis
Statistical significance was confirmed by using Dunnetts Regression Analysis (* = p < 0.05) for those values that indicate statistically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to the concurrent solvent control. Values that are statistically significant but are within the in-house historical vehicle/untreated control range are not reported in the tables section.

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and the S9-mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile. The test item formulation was also shown to be sterile. These data are not given in the report.

Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) are presented in Table 1 and were considered to be acceptable. These data are for concurrent untreated control plates performed on the same day as the Mutation Test. The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

The individual plate counts, the mean number of revertant colonies and the standard deviations, for the test item, positive and vehicle controls, both with and without metabolic activation (S9-mix), are presented in Table 2 and Table 3 for Experiment 1 and Table 4 and Table 5 for Experiment 2.

A history profile of vehicle, untreated and positive control values (reference items) is presented in Appendix 1.

Experiment 1 (plate incorporation) – Table 2 and Table 3

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the OECD TG 471 recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate.

The test item induced a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of TA100, WP2uvrA, TA98 and TA1537 in the absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) andTA100, WP2uvrA and TA1537 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) at 5000 μg/plate.

No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix).

There were no biologically relevant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix). A minor statistical value was noted (TA1537 at 500 μg/platein the presence of S9-mix), however this response was within the in-house historicalvehicle/untreated control range for the strain and was, therefore considered of no biological relevance.

All Tables and Appendices can be viewed in the attached full study report.

Conclusions:

In this Reverse Mutation Assay ‘Ames Test’ using strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (OECD TG 471) the test item trans-cinnamic acid did not induce an increase in the frequency of revertant colonies at any of the dose levels used either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix). Under the conditions of this test trans-cinnamic acid was concluded as non-mutagenic.

Executive summary:

The test method was designed to be compatible with the guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse MutationTest", Method B13/14 of Commission Regulation (EC) number 440/2008 of 30 May 2008, the ICH S2(R1) guideline adopted June 2012 (ICH S2(R1) Federal Register. Adopted 2012; 77:33748-33749) and the USA, EPA OCSPP harmonized guideline - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test.

Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA were treated with the test item using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at eight dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range for Experiment 1 (plate incorporation) was based on OECD TG 471 and was 1.5

to 5000 µg/plate. The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test item formulations. The dose range was the same as Experiment 1 (1.5 to 5000 μg/plate). Eight test item concentrations per bacterial strain were selected in Experiment 2 in order to achieve both four non-toxic dose levels and the toxicity of the test item following the change in test methodology.

The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the OECD TG 471 recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate. The test item induced a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of TA100, WP2uvrA, TA98 and TA1537 in the absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) and TA100, WP2uvrA and TA1537 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) at 5000 μg/plate, in the first mutation test (plateincorporation method).

Based on the results of Experiment 1, the same maximum dose level (5000 μg/plate) was employed as the maximum concentration in the second mutation test. However, after employing the pre-incubation method in Experiment 2, there was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of any of the tester strains at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix).

No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiments 1 and 2.

There were no biologically relevant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recordedf or any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method). A minor statistical value was noted (TA1537 at 500 μg/plate in the presence of S9-mix), however thisresponse was within the in-house historical vehicle/untreated control range for the strain and was, therefore considered of no biological relevance.

Similarly, no biologically relevant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method). A minor statistical value was noted (WP2uvrA at 150 μg/plate in the absence of S9-mix), however this response was within the in-house historical vehicle/untreated control range for the strain and was,therefore considered of no biological relevance.

Trans-cinnamic acid was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Justification for classification or non-classification

There are no data to suggest that trans-cinammic acid is mutagenic or clastogenic.