1-(5-propyl-1,3-benzodioxol-2-yl)-1-ethanone

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

29 November 2013 to 28 January 2014

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

GLP study conducted in compliance with OECD Guideline No. 471 without any deviation.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2014

Report date:

2014

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

UK GLP Compliance Programme (inspected on 10 July 2012 / signed on 30 November 2012)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1-(5-propyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-2-yl)ethan-1-one

EC Number:

700-902-0

Cas Number:

1370699-98-1

Molecular formula:

C12H14O3

IUPAC Name:

1-(5-propyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-2-yl)ethan-1-one

Test material form:

liquid

Details on test material:

- Physical state: Colourless liquid
- Water solubility: 2.16 g/L
- Vapour pressure: 0.33 Pa (at 20°C) and 0.59 Pa (at 25°C)
- Partition coefficient: 2.69 (HPLC, 2013)
- Storage Conditions: 6 ± 2 °C, protected from light, under nitrogen in the original container
- Stability under test conditions: Not specified, assumed to be stable

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Purity test date: 30 October 2013
- Storage Conditions: ca. 4 °C in the dark under nitrogen

Method

Target gene:

Histidine and tryptophan for S. typhimurium and E. coli, respectively.

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

10% S9: S9-mix from the livers of male rats treated with phenobarbitone/β-naphthoflavone (80/100 mg/ kg bw/day by oral route).

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiment 1 – Range-finding test (Pre-incubation method): 0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5 and 15 μg/plate in TA 100 and TA 1535 without and with S9-mix; 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 μg/plate in TA 98, TA 1537 and WP2uvrA strains without and with S9-mix
Justification: Maximum concentration was 5000 μg/plate (the maximum recommended dose level).
Experiment 2 - Main Test (Pre-Incubation Method):
Salmonella strain TA98 (with S9-mix) and E.coli strain WP2uvrA (with and without S9-mix): 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 μg/plate.
Salmonella strains TA98 (without S9-mix) and TA1537 (with and without S9-mix): 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 μg/plate.
Salmonella strains TA100 and TA1535 (with and without S9-mix): 0.015, 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5 and15 μg/plate.
Justification: Up to eight test item dose levels were selected in Experiment 2 (main test) in order to achieve both four non-toxic dose levels and the toxic limit of the test item.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test item was immiscible in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/mL but was fully miscible in dimethyl sulphoxide at the same concentration in solubility checks performed in-house. Dimethyl sulphoxide was therefore selected as the vehicle.
- Preparation of test substance formulation: The test item was accurately weighed and approximate half-log dilutions prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide by mixing on a vortex mixer on the day of each experiment. Formulated concentrations were adjusted to allow for the stated water/impurity content (1.1%) of the test item. All formulations were used within four hours of preparation and were assumed to be stable for this period. Prior to use, the solvent was dried to remove water using molecular sieves i.e. 2 mm sodium alumino-silicate pellets with a nominal pore diameter of 4 x 10^-4 μm.

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

9-aminoacridine

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Remarks:

Without S9-mix

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

benzo(a)pyrene

other: 2-Aminoanthracene

Remarks:

With S9-mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

TEST SYSTEM: The bacteria used in the test were obtained from the University of California, Berkeley, on culture discs, and the British Industrial Biological Research Association, on a nutrient agar plate, on 17 August 1987. All of the strains were stored at approximately -196 °C in a Statebourne liquid nitrogen freezer, model SXR 34.

METHOD OF APPLICATION: Preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 37 ± 3 °C for 20 minutes (with shaking)
- Exposure duration: Plates were incubated at 37 ± 3 °C for approximately 48 hours

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Triplicate plates per dose level.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Plates were assessed microscopically for evidence of thinning (toxicity).

OTHERS:
After incubation, the plates were scored for the presence of revertant colonies using an automated colony counting system.
*concurrent negative controls were dosed using the standard plate incorporation method

Evaluation criteria:

There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study:
1. A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby, 1979).
2. A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
3. Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
4. Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).
5. Fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for any tester strain (especially if accompanied by an out-of-historical range response (Cariello and Piegorsch, 1996)).
A test item will be considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
Although most experiments will give clear positive or negative results, in some instances the data generated will prohibit making a definite judgment about test item activity. Results of this type will be reported as equivocal.

Statistics:

Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Water solubility: Test item was immiscible in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/mL.
- Precipitation: None

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
- Experiment 1 (Range finding test): The test item induced a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains in the absence of S9-mix, initially from 5 μg/plate (TA100 and TA1535), 150 μg/plate (TA98 and TA1537) and 500 μg/plate (WP2uvrA). In the presence of S9-mix, weakened lawns were noted from 5 μg/plate (TA100 and TA1535), 150 μg/plate (TA1537) and 500 μg/plate (TA98 and WP2uvrA). Consequently, the toxic limit was employed in the second mutation test. No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA
- All tester strain cultures exhibit a characteristic number of spontaneous revertants per plate in the vehicle and positive controls. The comparison was made with the historical control ranges for 2011 and 2012 of the corresponding Testing Laboratory.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Experiment 2 (main test): Main test results once again showed a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains in both the absence and presence of S9-mix, initially from 5 μg/plate. No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

MUTAGENICITY:
- There were no toxicologically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in both experiments. A small, statistically significant increase in TA98 revertant colony frequency was observed in the presence of S9-mix at 50 μg/plate in the main test. This increase was considered to be of no biological relevance because there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship or reproducibility. Furthermore, the individual revertant colony counts at 50 μg/plate were within the in-house historical untreated/vehicle control range for the tester strain and the fold increase was only 1.6 times the concurrent vehicle control.

OTHERS:
- Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory).
- The amino acid supplemented top agar and the S9-mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile. The test item formulation was also shown to be sterile.

Any other information on results incl. tables

None

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Under the test condition, test substance is not mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in S. typhimurium (strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and E.coli WP2 uvrA-.

Executive summary:

In a reverse gene mutation assay performed according to the OECD test guideline No. 471 and in compliance with GLP, Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA- were exposed to test substance using the Ames pre-incubation method at up to eight dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range for the range-finding test was predetermined and was 0.015 to 5000 μg/plate, depending on bacterial strain type and presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix). The experiment was repeated on a separate day using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test item formulations. The dose range was amended following the results of the range-finding test and ranged between 0.015 and 1500 μg/plate, depending on bacterial strain type and presence or absence of S9-mix. Negative, vehicle (DMSO) and positive control groups were also included in mutagenicity tests.

The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate or the toxic limit, depending on bacterial strain type and presence or absence of S9-mix. The test item induced a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains in the absence of S9-mix, initially from 5 μg/plate (TA100 and TA1535), 150 μg/plate (TA98 and TA1537) and 500 μg/plate (WP2uvrA). In the presence of S9-mix, weakened lawns were noted from 5 μg/plate (TA100 and TA1535), 150 μg/plate (TA1537) and 500 μg/plate (TA98 and WP2uvrA). Consequently, the toxic limit was employed in the second mutation test. Main test results once again showed a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of all of the tester strains in both the absence and presence of S9-mix, initially from 5 μg/plate. No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

There were no toxicologically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in both experiments. A small, statistically significant increase in TA98 revertant colony frequency was observed in the presence of S9-mix at 50 μg/plate in the main test. This increase was considered to be of no biological relevance because there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship or reproducibility. Furthermore, the individual revertant colony counts at 50 μg/plate were within the in-house historical untreated/vehicle control range for the tester strain and the fold increase was only 1.6 times the concurrent vehicle control.

Under the test condition, test substance is not mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in S. typhimurium (strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and E.coli WP2 uvrA- according to the criteria of the Annex VI of the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (CLP) and to the GHS.

This study is considered as acceptable and satisfies the requirement for reverse gene mutation endpoint.