Cinnamyl alcohol

Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: simulation testing on ultimate degradation in surface water

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Data is from experimental study report

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 309 (Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test)

Version / remarks:

Study was perfomed in mixture of chemicals

GLP compliance:

no

Radiolabelling:

no

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Inoculum or test system:

natural water

Remarks:

Stream of good ecological quality and without known point sources close to sampling point

Details on source and properties of surface water:

August sample:
- Details on collection (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): Natural water sampled from Gudenåen (DK) 17th of August 2020. WGS84: 56°6'23.2"N 9°43'17.4"E
- Other details of sample (eg: colour and turbidity): The water was quite clear with a slight light brown hint. Total suspended solids was 4.3 mg/L, total dissolved solids was 150 mg/L.
- Sampling depth: 5-20 cm below surface. No pre-treatment of the natural water.
- Storage conditions: Water kept at 20 ± 1,5°C during transport to lab (4 hours), then stored at 12°C until test setup within 30 hours of sampling.
- Storage length: 30 hrs
- Temperature (°C) at time of collection: 24.0°C.
- pH at time of collection: 7.4
- Biomass (e.g. in mg microbial C/100 mg, CFU or other):
Plate count (24 hours incubation): 270 CFU/mL
Plate count (72 hours incubation): 2100 CFU/mL
Oxygen content:7.4 mg/l
- Water filtered: no
- Other: Dissolved non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) was 5.7 mg/L.

June sample:
- Details on collection (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): Natural water sampled from Gudenåen (DK) 15th of June 2020. WGS84: 56°6'23.2"N 9°43'17.4"E
- Other details of sample (eg: colour and turbidity): The water was quite clear with a slight light brown hint. Total suspended solids was 2.0 mg/L, total dissolved solids was 210 mg/L.
- Sampling depth: 5-20 cm below surface. No pre-treatment of the natural water.
- Storage conditions: Water kept at 20 ± 1,5°C during transport to lab (4 hours), then stored at 12°C until test setup within 30 hours of sampling.
- Storage length: 30 hrs
- Temperature (°C) at time of collection: 20.0°C.
- pH at time of collection: 6.5
- Biomass (e.g. in mg microbial C/100 mg, CFU or other):
Plate count (24 hours incubation): 36 CFU/mL
Plate count (72 hours incubation): 1300 CFU/mL
- Water filtered: no
- Other: Dissolved non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) was measured instead of DOC/TOC and was 4.4 mg/L.

Duration of test (contact time):

> 1 - < 28 d

Initial conc.:

7.4 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

test mat. analysis

Details on study design:

August:
TEST CONDITIONS
- Volume of test solution/treatment: 13.5 mL surface water used in each test system, spiked with 0.5 mL stock solution prepared in water by passive dosing and 1 ml of spiking mixture.
- Composition of medium: Natural water used as medium
- Test temperature: 12°C
- pH: 7.4
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: No aeration during test
- Suspended solids concentration: 4.3 mg/l
- Continuous darkness: yes
- Other: Conductivity: 334 µS/cm
- Non volatile dissolved organic carbon in natural water: 5.7 mg/L

TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 20 mL amber headspace vials
- Number of replicates: 15-18 replicate biotic and 15-18 replicate abiotic test systems were used.
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: Aerobic conditions created by using aerobic natural water (initial oxygen content 7.4 mg/L at 20 °C) and incubating using a headspace of 5 mL with a low test substance concentration of 0.93µl/l.
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: yes, test performed in closed vials.

July:
TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: Natural water used as medium
- Test temperature: 12°C
- pH: 6.5
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: No aeration during test
- Suspended solids concentration: 2.0 mg/l
- Continuous darkness: yes
- Other:
Conductivity: 334 µS/cm
- Non volatile dissolved organic carbon in natural water: 4.4 mg/L

TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 20 mL amber headspace vials
- Number of replicates: 15-18 replicate biotic and 15-18 replicate abiotic test systems were used.
- Method used to create aerobic conditions:
Aerobic conditions created by using aerobic natural water (initial oxygen content 9.0 mg/L at 20 °C) and incubating using a headspace of 5 mL with a low test substance concentration of 0.1 mg/l.
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: yes, test performed in closed vials.

SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: At five time-points, three biotic and three abiotic test systems were sacrificed for analysis (day 1, 5, 8, 13, 20, 24 and 28).
- Sampling method used per analysis type: Tests systems were put directly on the autosampler of the GCMS without storage.

DESCRIPTION OF CONTROL AND/OR BLANK TREATMENT PREPARATION
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
Blank test systems were prepared and incubated with biotic and abiotic test systsems and analyzed at each time-point (signal well below the 3% dilution of initial test concentration).
Carryover was < 1.0% and since test systems were analyzed alternating biotic and abiotic test systems this constitutes the detection limit in this test.

STATISTICAL METHODS: Triplicate ratios of biotic/abiotic test system peak areas were calculated for each time point and used in Graph-pad Prism 8.4.3 to fit the first order degradation model with lag phase: Y=IF(x0, Y0=1, K>0

Reference substance:

other: naphthalene and phenanthrene were used as a reference substance during the study.

% Degr.:

> 99

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Sampling time:

28 d

Remarks on result:

other: primary degradation K=0.1397; t1/2=4.960

Remarks:

Sample collected form in august month

% Degr.:

> 85

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Sampling time:

28 d

Remarks on result:

other: Primary degradation, K=0.05019 t1/2=13.81;

Remarks:

Sample collected from june

Compartment:

natural water

DT50:

8.529 d

Type:

(pseudo-)first order (= half-life)

Temp.:

12 °C

Remarks on result:

other: Sample collected form august month

Compartment:

natural water: freshwater

DT50:

14.835 d

Type:

(pseudo-)first order (= half-life)

Temp.:

12 °C

Remarks on result:

other: Sample collected in month of june

Other kinetic parameters:

first order rate constant

Transformation products:

not measured

Evaporation of parent compound:

no

Remarks:

as the test was conducted in closed system

Volatile metabolites:

not specified

Residues:

not specified

Results with reference substance:

The degradation half-life (DT50) value of both the reference substance was determined to be >27 days.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Primary biodegradation in surface water from a Danish stream was determined by compound specified analysis and was performed following the modified OECD Guideline 309 (Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test). The (pseudo-)first order (= half-life) (DT50) of the test chemical was evaluated to be 8.529 and 14.835 days at 12°C in month of august and july respectively. Primary percentage degradation of the test chemical was determined to be >99% and > 85 in august and july month within 28 days. Hence, test chemical was considered to be not persistent in surface water.

Executive summary:

Primary biodegradation in surface water from a Danish stream was determined by compound specified analysis. The study was performed following the modified OECD Guideline 309 (Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test) under aerobic conditions. Natural water (stream of good ecological quality and without known point sources close to sampling point) sampled from Gudenåen (DK) 17th of august 2020 and 15 of june 2020, WGS84: 56°6'23.2"N 9°43'17.4"E at a dept of 5 -20 cm below surface was used as a surface water. The water was quite clear with a slight light brown hint. Total suspended solids, total dissolved solids

was 4.3 mg/L and 2.2 mg/l, 150 mg/L and 210 mg/l in month of august and june respectively. No pre-treatment was done of the natural water. Water kept at 20 ± 1.5°C during transport to lab (4 hours), then stored at 12°C until test setup within 30 hours of sampling. The temperature and pH at the time of collection of the sample was 24.0°C, 7.4 (aug) and 6.5(june). Biomass i.e., plate count at 24 and 72 hr was 270 CFU/ml and 2100 CFU/ml in august and 36 CFU/ml and 1300 CFU/ml in june, respectively. Water was not filtered. Dissolved non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) was measured instead of DOC/TOC and was 5.7 mg/L (aug) and 4.4 (june). Study was performed using 20 mL amber headspace closed vials. A large no. of biotic test systems (15 -18 replicates) consisting of 13.5 ml surface water and 0.5 ml stock solution and 1 ml spiking mixture. Stock solution was prepared in water by equilibrium partioning from a pre-loaded silicone rod (passive dosing). A similar number of abiotic control test systems were prepared using 14.5 ml MilliQ water and 0.5 ml stock solution. Blanks were prepared with 15 ml MilliQ water. Aerobic conditions created by using aerobic natural water (initial oxygen content 7.4 mg/L at 20 °C)  and incubating using a headspace of 5 mL with a low test substance concentration of 7.4 mg/l. Test was conducted at a temperature of 12°C and pH of 7.4 under continuous darkness with conductivity of 334 µS/cm while rolling. pH of the test medium (natural water) was not adjusted. No aeration was provided during the study. Suspended solid concentrations used in the study was 4.3 mg/l. At 5 -6 time-points, 3 biotic and 3 abiotic test systems were sacrificed for analysis (day 1, 5, 8, 13, 20,  24 and 28). Tests systems were put directly on the autosampler of the GCMS without storage. Blank test systems were prepared and incubated with biotic and abiotic test systems and analyzed at each time-point (signal well below the 3% dilution of initial test concentration). Analysis was carried out using direct immersion solid phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS. Carryover was < 1.0% and since test systems were analyzed alternating biotic and abiotic test systems this constitutes the detection limit in this test. Biodegradation was then evaluated by the ratio between peak areas in the biotic and abiotic test systems. Triplicate ratios of biotic/abiotic test system peak areas were calculated for each time point and used in Graph-pad Prism 8.4.3 to fit the first order degradation model with lag phase. The (pseudo-)first order (= half-life) (DT50) of the test chemical was evaluated to be 8.529 and 14.835 days at 12°C in month of august and june respectively. Primary percentage degradation of the test chemical was determined to be >99% and > 85 in august and june month within 28 days. Hence, test chemical was considered to be not persistent in surface water.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: sediment simulation testing

Type of information:

calculation (if not (Q)SAR)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

accepted calculation method

Justification for type of information:

Data is from computational model developed by USEPA

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Modeling database

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Fugacity Model by EPI Suite estimation database

GLP compliance:

not specified

Radiolabelling:

not specified

Oxygen conditions:

other: estimation

Inoculum or test system:

not specified

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

test mat. analysis

Details on study design:

Level III Fugacity model
EPI Suite contains a Level III fugacity model. In general, fugacity models predict the partitioning of an organic compound in an evaluative environment. A Level III model assumes steady-state but not equilibrium conditions. The Level III model in EPI Suite predicts partitioning between air, soil, sediment and water using a combination of default parameters and various input parameters that may be user defined or estimated by other programs within EPI Suite.

The model environment consists of 4 main compartments: air, water sediment and soil. There are also sub-compartments such as an aerosol phase, suspended solids, and biota phase, within specific main compartments. A fixed temperature of 25ᵒC is assumed. Mass transport between the compartments via volatilization, diffusion, deposition and runoff are modeled. level III models is a steady state, non-equilibrium model. Steady state conditions mean that the change in concentration of a chemical in each compartment (i) with respect to time eventually approaches zero. The model does not assume that a common equilibrium (fugacity) exists between the phases, so if a chemical is emitted into one compartment it can partition to the other compartments. Loss of chemical occurs through two processes: reaction and advection. Reaction is the biotic or abiotic degradation of the chemical that is calculated using the user specified or model calculated half-lives of the chemical in each of the 4 main compartments. Advection processes are considered for the air, water and sediment compartments. Advection is the removal of chemical from a compartment through losses other than degradation (reaction). The rate of advection in a given compartment is determined by a flow rate (m3/hour), calculated by dividing the volume of the compartment by an advection time.

Compartment:

sediment

% Recovery:

0.134

Remarks on result:

other: Other details not known

Key result

% Degr.:

50

Parameter:

other: Half-life in sediment

Sampling time:

135 d

Remarks on result:

other: Other details not known

Key result

Compartment:

sediment

DT50:

135 d

Type:

other: estimated data

Temp.:

25 °C

Remarks on result:

other: Other details not known

Transformation products:

not specified

Evaporation of parent compound:

not specified

Volatile metabolites:

not specified

Residues:

not specified

	Mass Amount (percent)	Half-Life (hr)	Emissions (kg/hr)
Sediment	0.134	3.24e+003	0

 

	Fugacity (atm)	Reaction (kg/hr)	Advection (kg/hr)	Reaction (percent)	Advection (percent)
Sediment	1.09e-012	0.391	0.0365	0.013	0.00122

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Estimated half life of test chemical in sediment estimated to be 135 days (3240 h).

Executive summary:

Estimation Programs Interface prediction model was run to predict the half-life in sediment for the test chemical. The half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.134%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.

 

Description of key information

Biodegradation in water: stimulation testing on ultimate degradation in surface water:-

Primary biodegradation in surface water from a Danish stream was determined by compound specified analysis and was performed following the modified OECD Guideline 309 (Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test). The (pseudo-)first order (= half-life) (DT50) of the test chemical was evaluated to be 8.529 and 14.835 days at 12°C in month of august and july respectively. Primary percentage degradation of the test chemical was determined to be >99% and > 85 in august and july month within 28 days. Hence, test chemical was considered to be not persistent in surface water.

Biodegradation in water and sediment simulation test:-

 

Estimated half life of test chemical in sediment estimated to be 135 days (3240 h)

 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Half-life in freshwater:

14.836 d

at the temperature of:

12 °C

Half-life in freshwater sediment:

135 d

at the temperature of:

25 °C

Additional information

Biodegradation in water: stimulation testing on ultimate degradation in surface water:-

Primary biodegradation in surface water from a Danish stream was determined by compound specified analysis. The study was performed following the modified OECD Guideline 309 (Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test) under aerobic conditions. Natural water (stream of good ecological quality and without known point sources close to sampling point) sampled from Gudenåen (DK) 17th of august 2020 and 15 of june 2020, WGS84: 56°6'23.2"N 9°43'17.4"E at a dept of 5 -20 cm below surface was used as a surface water. The water was quite clear with a slight light brown hint. Total suspended solids, total dissolved solids

was 4.3 mg/L and 2.2 mg/l, 150 mg/L and 210 mg/l in month of august and june respectively. No pre-treatment was done of the natural water. Water kept at 20 ± 1.5°C during transport to lab (4 hours), then stored at 12°C until test setup within 30 hours of sampling. The temperature and pH at the time of collection of the sample was 24.0°C, 7.4 (aug) and 6.5(june). Biomass i.e., plate count at 24 and 72 hr was 270 CFU/ml and 2100 CFU/ml in august and 36 CFU/ml and 1300 CFU/ml in june, respectively. Water was not filtered. Dissolved non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) was measured instead of DOC/TOC and was 5.7 mg/L (aug) and 4.4 (june). Study was performed using 20 mL amber headspace closed vials. A large no. of biotic test systems (15 -18 replicates) consisting of 13.5 ml surface water and 0.5 ml stock solution and 1 ml spiking mixture. Stock solution was prepared in water by equilibrium partioning from a pre-loaded silicone rod (passive dosing). A similar number of abiotic control test systems were prepared using 14.5 ml MilliQ water and 0.5 ml stock solution. Blanks were prepared with 15 ml MilliQ water. Aerobic conditions created by using aerobic natural water (initial oxygen content 7.4 mg/L at 20 °C)  and incubating using a headspace of 5 mL with a low test substance concentration of 7.4 mg/l. Test was conducted at a temperature of 12°C and pH of 7.4 under continuous darkness with conductivity of 334 µS/cm while rolling. pH of the test medium (natural water) was not adjusted. No aeration was provided during the study. Suspended solid concentrations used in the study was 4.3 mg/l. At 5 -6 time-points, 3 biotic and 3 abiotic test systems were sacrificed for analysis (day 1, 5, 8, 13, 20,  24 and 28). Tests systems were put directly on the autosampler of the GCMS without storage. Blank test systems were prepared and incubated with biotic and abiotic test systems and analyzed at each time-point (signal well below the 3% dilution of initial test concentration). Analysis was carried out using direct immersion solid phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS. Carryover was < 1.0% and since test systems were analyzed alternating biotic and abiotic test systems this constitutes the detection limit in this test. Biodegradation was then evaluated by the ratio between peak areas in the biotic and abiotic test systems. Triplicate ratios of biotic/abiotic test system peak areas were calculated for each time point and used in Graph-pad Prism 8.4.3 to fit the first order degradation model with lag phase. The (pseudo-)first order (= half-life) (DT50) of the test chemical was evaluated to be 8.529 and 14.835 days at 12°C in month of august and june respectively. Primary percentage degradation of the test chemical was determined to be >99% and > 85 in august and june month within 28 days. Hence, test chemical was considered to be not persistent in surface water.

Biodegradation in water and sediment simulation test:-

Estimation Programs Interface prediction model was run to predict the half-life in sediment for the test chemical. The half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.134%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.