(S)-p-mentha-1,8-diene

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

Key studies:

Test method according to OECD 471. GLP study. L-limonene was not mutagenic to S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA102 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation.

Read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene. Test method similar t to OECD 479. The susbtance did not induce a significant increase in sister chromatid exchanges with and without metabolic activation .

Read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene. Test method similar to OECD 473. The substance did not induced increases in chromosome aberrations with and without metabolic activation.

Read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene. Test method similar to OECD 476. The substance did not produced a significant increase in mutations in the thymidine kinase locus in mammallian cells.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2010-07-14 to 2010-09-20

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Two test item flasks opened for two different uses instead of for only one use, but no major differences between the results obtained with a flask open for only one use and those obtained with a re-used flasks (study validity or integrity not compromised)

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Two test item flasks opened for two different uses instead of for only one use, but no major differences between the results obtained with a flask open for only one use and those obtained with a re-used flasks (study validity or integrity not compromised)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

Each strain derived from S. typhimurium LT2 contains one mutation in the histine operon, resulting in a requirement for histidine.

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

other: additional mutations in rfa and uvrB genes. For the strains TA98 and TA100 presence of an additional plasmid pKM101 in order to enhance their sensitivity of detection of some mutagens. See Table 1.

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

other: mutated in rfa gene and presence of an additional plasmid pKM101 in order to enhance the sensitivity of detection of some mutagens. See Table 1.

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 fraction was purchased from Moltox (Molecular Toxicology, INC, Boone, NC 28607, USA) and obtained from the liver of rats treated with Aroclor 1254 (500 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route.

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Preliminary test: First preliminary test: 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 µg/plate with and without S9 mix.
Second preliminary test: 1 to 2500 µg/plate with and without S9 mix.
Mutagenicity experiments: First experiment = 0.3 to 555.6 µg/plate without S9 mix (see details in Table 2); 6.9 to 5000 µg/plate with S9 mix (see details in Table 2). Second experiment = 0.3 to 185.2 µg/plate with and without S9 mix (see details in Table 2).

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), batch Nos. K39250750906 and K41063050021 (VWR, Fontenay Sous Bois, France).
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: During the solubility assay, the test item was found soluble in DMSO at 50 mg/mL. Consequently, using a treatment volume of 100 µL/plate, it was possible to reach the dose-level of 5000 µg/plate which is the highest recommended dose-level in the international guidelines. DMSO was therefore selected as the vehicle to be used in this study.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: sodium azide, 9-Aminoacridine, 2-Nitrofluorene, Mitomycin C for without S9 mix efficacy control. 2-Anthramine for with S9 mix efficacy control. See details in Table 3.

Remarks:

no remarks

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION:
direct plate incorporation: test item solution (0.1 mL), S9 mix when required or phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (0.5 mL) and bacterial suspension (0.1 mL) were mixed with 2 mL of overlay agar (containing traces of the relevant aminoacid and biotin and maintained at 50°C). After rapid homogenization, the mixture was overlaid onto a Petri plate containing minimum medium.
or preincubation method: test item solution (0.1 mL), S9 mix (0.5 mL) and the bacterial suspension (0.1 mL) were incubated for 60 minutes at 37°C, under shaking, before adding the overlay agar and pouring onto the surface of a minimum agar plate.
DURATION
- Preincubation period: 60 min at 37°C
- Exposure duration: 48 or 72 hours
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): not applicable
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): not applicable
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): not applicable
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Preliminary assays: two assays were performed: one with one petri dish per dose per strain and the other one with 2 petri dishes/dose/strain. Main tests: 2 independent tests with 3 plates/dose/strain.
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: not applicable
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: observation of the decrease in the number of revertant colonies and/or thinning of the bacterial lawn
OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: not required
- Determination of endoreplication: not required
OTHER: All the Petri dishes obtained were placed in a sealed jar using one jar for each dose-level tested, one jar for the vehicle control and another jar for the positive controls. The jars were then incubated at 37°C. The precaution of using jars in this study was due to the volatile characteristic of the test item and to limit the oxidation of the test item.
The revertants were scored with an automatic counter (Cardinal counter, Perceptive Instruments, Suffolk CB9 7 BN, UK). Manual counting was used as needed.

Evaluation criteria:

A reproducible 2-fold increase (for the TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 strains) or 3-fold increase (for the TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains) in the number of revertants compared with the vehicle controls, in any strain at any dose-level and/or evidence of a dose-relationship was considered as a positive result. Reference to historical data, or other considerations of biological relevance may also be taken into account in the evaluation of the data obtained.

Statistics:

no data

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 7

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 7

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 8

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 7

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See tables 4 to 7

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: For the first preliminary test (Table 9), no precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any of the tested dose-levels. Without S9 mix, a moderate to strong cytotoxicity was observed at dose-levels ≥ 100 µg/plate with the TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 strains. With S9 mix, a moderate to strong cytotoxicity was observed at dose-levels ≥ 10 µg/plate with the TA 102 strain, at dose-levels ≥ 100 µg/plate with the TA 100 strain and at dose-levels ≥ 500 µg/plate with the TA 98 strain.
Based on the cytotoxicity results obtained with one plate/dose in the first preliminary test, a second test was performed using two plates/dose and a lower range of dose-levels (Table 10). No precipitate was observed in the Petri plates when scoring the revertants at any of the tested dose-levels. Without S9 mix, a moderate to strong cytoxicity was observed at dose-levels ≥ 10 µg/plate with the TA 100 strain, at dose-levels ≥ 50 µg/plate with the TA 98 strain and at dose-levels ≥ 100 µg/plate with the TA 102 strain. With S9 mix, a moderate cytotoxicity (thinning of the bacterial lawn) was observed at dose-levels ≥ 750 µg/plate with the TA 98 strain, and a moderate to strong cytotoxicity was observed at dose-levels ≥ 250 µg/plate with the TA 100 strain and at 500 µg/plate with the TA 102 strain.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: The numbers of revertants for the vehicle and positive controls were as specified in the acceptance criteria. The study was therefore considered valid.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: Without metabolic activation, in the first experiment (Table 4), a moderate to strong toxicity was noted at dose-levels  61.7 µg/plate in the TA 102 strain and a strong toxicity was noted at dose-levels  61.7 µg/plate in all the other strains.
In the second experiment (Table 6), a moderate toxicity was noted at 185.2 µg/plate in the TA 102 strain and a strong toxicity was noted at 61.7 µg/plate in all the other strains.
With metabolic activation, in the first experiment (Table 5), using the direct plate incorporation method, a moderate to strong toxicity was noted at dose-levels  555.6 µg/plate in the TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 strains and a moderate toxicity was noted at 1666.7 µg/plate in the TA 102 strain.
In the second experiment performed using the preincubation method, a moderate to strong toxicity was observed at dose-levels  20.6 µg/plate in all the tested strains (Table 8). Since this toxicity was noted at five out of six dose-levels, less than five analysable dose-levels were obtained in this experiment. This requirement of the international guidelines being not met, the results obtained were not retained and the treatment was repeated using lower ranges of dose levels (Table 7). In this second assay using the preincubation method with lower doses, a moderate toxicity was noted at 61.7 µg/plate in the TA 1535 and TA 100 strains, and a strong toxicity was observed at 61.7 µg/plate in the TA 98 strain. No noteworthy toxicity was induced in the TA 1537 and TA 102 strains up to the highest tested dose-levels of 61.7 and 185.2 µg/plate, respectively.

Table 4: Number of revertants per plate in the absence of metabolic activation in the first test (direct plate incorporation method)

 

Laevo Limonene Concentration (µg/plate)	TA 1535		TA1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation
0*	15	6	11	6	31	8	124	39	380	25
0.3	18	2	-	-	-	-	144	18	-	-
0.8	22	3	10	5	26	4	159	59	-	-
2.3	21	4	7	2	22	4	114	8	349	25
6.9	24	7	16	3	23	7	114	13	430	56
20.6	14	3	11	2	25	4	101	22	426	19
61.7	7St	3	4St	2	12St	5	43St	21	199Mt	9
185.2	-	-	0St	1	7St	0	-	-	232St	6
555.6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	209St	3
Positive control**	953	69	400	154	128	10	922	4	2009	329

$: Mean of triplicate

*Solvent control = negative control: DMSO

**Mutagens positive controls:

- NaN₃(1 µg/plate) in TA1535 and TA100 strains

- 9AA (50 µg/plate) in TA1537 strain

- 2NF (0.5 µg/plate) in TA 98 strain

- MMC ( 0.5 µg/plate) in TA 102 strain

Mt: Moderate cytoxicity

St: Strong cytotoxicity 

 

Table 5:Number of revertants per plate in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) in the first test (direct plate incorporation method) 

 

Laevo Limonene Concentration (µg/plate)	TA 1535		TA1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation
0*	16	6	8	3	35	12	121	27	427	46
6.9	22	9	-	-	-	-	116	9	423	60
20.6	18	3	14	8	32	8	139	11	479	140
61.7	19	6	13	5	29	5	127	10	504	116
185.2	12	6	15	3	34	13	118	23	487	94
555.6	11Mt	2	9Mt	3	23Mt	6	111Mt	5	376	69
1666.7	12St	5	13Mt	4	22St	8	106St	15	511Mt	12
5000	-	-	3St	5	14St	16	-	-	-	-
Positive control**	410	50	126	10	855	196	242	13	2202	20

$: Mean of triplicate

*Solvent control = negative control: DMSO

**Mutagens positive controls:

- 2AM (2µg/plate) in TA1535, TA1537, TA98

- 2AM (10µg/plate) in TA102 strain

- BAP (5µg/plate) in TA100 strain

Mt: Moderate cytotoxicity

St: Strong cytotoxicity

  

Table 6:Number of revertants per plate in the absence of metabolic activation in the second test (direct plate incorporation method)

Laevo Limonene Concentration (µg/plate)	TA 1535		TA1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation
0*	26	11	10	3	24	7	106	8	417	22
0.3	25	4	12	5	39	8	114	7	-	-
0.8	33	3	11	3	28	4	108	13	424	48
2.3	24	1	21	6	27	8	101	13	439	31
6.9	23	12	14	2	25	6	91	10	416	100
20.6	32	14	24	7	22	6	103	15	413	19
61.7	27St	9	6St	2	14St	7	103St	10	390	40
185.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	344Mt	30
Positive control**	706	99	193	87	141	20	778	61	1524	220

$: Mean of triplicate

*Solvent control = negative control: DMSO

- NaN₃(1 µg/plate) in TA1535 and TA100 strains

- 9AA (50 µg/plate) in TA1537 strain

- 2NF (0.5 µg/plate) in TA 98 strain

- MMC ( 0.5 µg/plate) in TA 102 strain

Mt: Moderate cytotoxicity

St: Strong cytotoxicity 

 

Table 7: Number of revertants per plate in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) in the second test (pre-incubation method)

 

Laevo Limonene Concentration (µg/plate)	TA 1535		TA1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation
0*	21	4	11	5	34	8	108	12	428	71
0.3	19	5	14	2	32	5	121	8	-	-
0.8	18	2	13	6	38	10	142	9	527	115
2.3	20	5	8	6	30	7	129	6	571	34
6.9	16	5	14	4	36	5	138	21	511	54
20.6	22	2	13	3	34	5	130	14	480	93
61.7	18Mt	5	10	3	29St	7	127Mt	15	452	131
185.2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	496	122
Positive control**	230	30	164	45	832	56	325	8	1577	175

$: Mean of triplicate

*Solvent control = negative control: DMSO

**Mutagens positive controls:

- 2AM (2µg/plate) in TA1535, TA1537, TA98 strains

- 2AM (10µg/plate) in TA102 strain

- BAP (5 µg/plate) in TA100 strain

Mt: Moderate cytotoxicity

St: Strong cytotoxicity

Table 8: Number of revertants per plate in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) in the second test (pre-incubation method): this assay was considered non-valid as less than five analyzable dose-levels were obtained in this experiment (Remark: TA102 was not tested in this experiment).

 

Laevo Limonene Concentration (µg/plate)	TA 1535		TA1537		TA 98		TA 100
	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation	Mean$	Standard deviation
0*	21	4	13	4	39	8	131	4
6.9	25	7	16	6	48	3	133	22
20.6	17 Mt	3	17 Mt	3	41 St	13	103 St	8
61.7	4 St	3	9 St	6	17 St	5	89 St	9
185.2	10 St	1	13 St	4	31 St	7	95 St	6
555.6	10 St	5	0 X+St	0	0 St	0	6 St	10
1666.7	0 St	0	1 St	1	5 St	2	1 St	1
Positive control**	189	9	170	24	1014	28	451	32

$: Mean of triplicate

*Solvent control = negative control: DMSO

**Mutagens positive controls:

- 2AM (2µg/plate) in TA1535, TA1537, TA98 strains

- BAP (5 µg/plate) in TA100 strain

Mt: Moderate cytotoxicity

St: Strong cytotoxicity

X: too many microcolonies

Conclusions:

Under the test conditions, the test item Laevo Limonene did not show mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium strains.Laevo Limonene is not considered as mutagenic in this bacterial system according to the criteria of the Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Executive summary:

In a reverse gene mutation assay in bacteria (No. 36956 MMO), performed according to the OECD No.471 and EC No.B13/14 guidelines, Laevo Limonene (purity of 81.1%) diluted in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was tested in S. typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA100, TA98 and TA102 in the presence and the absence of mammalian metabolic activation (S9) using the direct plate incorporation or the preincubation method. All the concentrations and dose-levels were expressed as active item, taking into account the purity of the test item (81.1%).

Due to the volatile characteristic of the test item and in order to limit the oxidation of the test item, all the Petri dishes were placed in a sealed jar. One jar was used for each tested dose-level, one jar was used for the vehicle control and another jar for the positive controls. 

Six known mutagens, dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (except for Mitomycin C which was dissolved in distilled water), were used to check the sensitivity of the test system. The positive controls induced the appropriate responses in the corresponding strains. The number of revertants in the vehicle controls was consistent with the historical data of the testing facility, and the number of revertants in the positive controls was higher than that of the vehicle controls (at least 2-fold increase for the TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 strains and at least 3-fold increase for the TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains) and was consistent with the historical data of the testing facility. Therefore the study was considered valid.

Two independent preliminary tests were performed. Since the test item was cytotoxic (observation of a decrease in the number of revertant colonies and of thinning of the bacterial lawn) in these preliminary tests for all strains with or without metabolic activation, the choice of the highest dose-level to be used in the main test was based on the level of toxicity, according to the criteria specified in the international guidelines.

Two independent main experiments with and without metabolic activation were performed. In the second main experiment, two assays in presence of S9 mix according to the preincubation method were necessary. Indeed, in the first assay with S9 mix using this specific method, a moderate to strong toxicity was observed at dose-levels higher than 20.6 µg/plate in TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100. Since this cytotoxicity was noted at five out of six dose-levels, less than five analyzable dose-levels were obtained in this assay. The results were therefore not retained and the treatment was repeated using lower ranges of dose-levels. In the second treatment with S9 mix using the preincubation method, there was sufficient analysable doses and the assay was considered as acceptable.

During the two main tests, no induced revertant over background was observed in any strains of S. typhimurium with or without metabolic activation whereas the cytotoxic dose-level was reached.

In conclusion, under the test conditions, Laevo Limonene did not show any mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium. Laevo Limonene is not considered as mutagenic in this bacterial system according to the criteria of the Annex VI of CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008) .

 

This study is considered as acceptable as it satisfied the criteria of the OECD Guideline No. 471.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

genetic toxicity in vitro, other

Remarks:

Sister chromatid exchanges.

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1990

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish=2).

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Type of assay:

sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells

Key result

Species / strain:

Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Remarks:

cytotoxic above 162 µg/mL

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene.

Conclusions:

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered as cytogenetic in CHO cells according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Executive summary:

In an in vitro sister chromatid exchange assay performed similarly to OECD guideline 479, Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to the analogue substance d-limonene in McCoys 5A medium with and without metabolic activation [S9 fraction of livers from Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rats (20 µL/mL)] at the following concentrations:

Without S9:

- Trial 1: 0, 16.2, 54 and 162 µg/mL

- Trial 2: 0, 30, 50 and 100 µg/mL

- Trial 3: 0, 15, 30 and 50 µg/mL

With S9:

- Trial 1: 0, 16.2, 54 and 162 µg/mL

 

Clear increases in mean SCE/cell were induced by the positive control chemicals mitomycin C (without S-9) and cyclophosphamide (with S-9). In trail 2 (without S9), a significant linear trend and a significant increase in SCE/cell were observed at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. However, no significant increases and no significant linear trends were observed in trial 1 (with and without S9) and trial 3 (without S9).

 

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is also not considered as cytogenetic in CHO cells according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish=2).

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Type of assay:

mammalian cell gene mutation assay

Key result

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

at or above 50 and 60 nL/mL (with and without S9, respectively)

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene.

Conclusions:

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene was not considered as mutagenic in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells and does not need to be classified according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Executive summary:

In an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test performed similarly to OECD guideline 476, mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- cells were exposed to d-limonene in 1% ethanol in Fischer’s medium with and without metabolic activation (S9 fraction of male Fischer 344 rat liver induced with Aroclor-1254) at the different concentrations.

Positive controls (methyl methanesulphonate at 5 nL/mL without S9 and 3-methylcholanthrene at 2.5 µg/mL with S9) induced the appropriate response. In experiment without S9, mutagenic responses in trials 1, 2, 3 and 4 were inconclusive, questionable, negative and negative, respectively. In experiment with S9, mutagenic responses in trials 1, 2 and 3 were negative, negative and inconclusive, respectively. Overall, d-limonene was not considered as mutagenic in either presence or absence of S9 mix. Cytotoxicity was observed in one or more replicates tested at or above 50 nL/mL.

 

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene was not considered as mutagenic in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells and does not need to be classified according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Reference 4

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1990

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish=2).

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test

Key result

Species / strain:

Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

cytotoxic above 100 (-S9) and 500 (+S9) µg/mL

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene.

Conclusions:

Based on the read-across from the analoge substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered as cytogenetic in CHO cells according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Executive summary:

In an in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test performed similarly to OECD guideline 473, Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to d-limonene in McCoys 5A medium with and without metabolic activation [S9 fraction of livers from Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rats (20 µL/mL)] at the following concentrations:

- Without S9: 0, 10, 30 and 100 µg/mL

- With S9: 0, 50, 150 and 500 µg/mL

 

Positive controls (mitomycin C at 5 µg/mL without S9 and cyclophosphamide at 50 µg/mL with S9) induced the appropriate response. Chromosome aberrations were not induced in treatment groups over background at any tested concentrations in the presence or absence of activation system.

 

Based on the read-across from the analoge substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered as cytogenetic in CHO cells according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

Key study: Read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene. Comet assay (kidney cells of rats). The substance is not considered genotoxic to somatic cells after in vivo exposure.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair

Remarks:

Comet assay

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Read-across from an analogue substance for which there is available data (Klimish=2).

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See cross-reference to justification of read-across.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Key result

Sex:

male

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

no effects

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene.

Conclusions:

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered as mutagenic in Comet assay on isolated kidney cells and does not need to be classified according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Executive summary:

In an in vivo comet assay, groups of 4 OFA Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered a single oral dose of the analogue substance d-limonene in 0.5% CMC by gavage at dose levels of 0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw. After an exposure period of 3-6 or 22-26 hours, treated animals were sacrificed and the kidney cells were isolated and the prepared slides were scanned to determine mean Olive Tail Moment (OTM) median value in 150 cells per animal using the method described by Tice et al (2000). A preliminary range-finding test has also been conducted using 4 males rats/dose and animals were observed at least 2 days for any clinical signs of toxicity and any mortalities in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD).

Positive control (streptozotocin, 20 mg/kg bw) caused a clear increase in the mean OTM median value. D-limonene showed no substantial increase in the mean OTM median value.

 

Based on the read-across from the analogue substance d-limonene, l-limonene is not considered as mutagenic in Comet assay on isolated kidney cells and does not need to be classified according to the criteria of the CLP Regulation (EC) N° (1272-2008).

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

In a recent Ames test on l-limonene performed according to OECD guideline 471 and GLP and identified as key study, l-limonene was found not mutagenic. These results are confirmed with a supporting study showing no genotoxic effects of d-limonene in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100 and TA 98. These in vitro tests showed no effects in absence and in presence of metabolic activation.

Other in vitro genotoxicity tests conducted with d-limonene did not show any genotoxic effects of the substance in the presence and absence of metabolic activation:

- chromosome aberration test in human lymphocytes and sister chromatid exchange in CHO cells

- two gene mutation tests in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells.

d-limonene was also found negative by in vivo testing in one well conducted comet assay. This result was confirmed by supporting studies: negative results were found for d-limonene in 2 other comet assays and one test for mutation frequency of liver and kidney DNA samples of treated animals.

For further information on read-across justification, see section 13: point "read-across approach"

Short description of key information:

- Bacterial Reverse Mutation assay (Ames test): not mutagenic (l-limonene and d-limonene)

- In vitro Mammalian chromosome aberration test: not cytogenic (d-limonene)

- In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange test: not cytogenic (d-limonene)

- In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation test: not mutagenic (d-limonene)

- Comet assays: not mutagenic (d-limonene)

- Transgenic animal mutation test: not mutagenic (d-limonene)

Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)

Justification for classification or non-classification

Harmonized classification:

No harmonized classification is available according to the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

Self-classification:

L-limonene is not self-classified for genotoxicity according to the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP).