Barium fluoride, Strontium fluoride, europium doped

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1972

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Remarks:

Results are based on nominal values, and test did not exacty follow existing guidance (1972-study), but followed test method well described and test conditions (eg.g. test medium composition) were properly identified.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Americal Chemical Society reagent-grade

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Strain: laboratory clone
Source: University of Michigan
Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 12h +/- 12h
Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

2 d

Hardness:

45.2 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

18 +/- 1 °C

pH:

7.74

Dissolved oxygen:

+/- 9 mg O2/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

nominal/measured test concentrations not reported: geometric series of 5-12 concentrations (not specified for Ba)

Details on test conditions:

- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates):2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): not reported

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Lake Superior water; unfiltered water strained through a #20 bolting cloth
- Metals: 14 µg Ba/L ; 16 µg Sr/L ; 0.78 µg Zn/L ; <0.5 µg Ni/L ; 1.51 µg Cu/L ; <0.5 µg Co/L ; < 0.01 g Hg/L ; < 0.1 µg Cd/L - Chloride: 1.22 mg/L
- Alkalinity: 42.3 mg/L as CaCO3
- Ca: 13.7 mg /L
- Mg: 3.12 mg/L
- K: 0.53 mg/L
- Na: 1.13 mg/L

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
complete immobilisation or death

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

14.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Barium

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Results were statistically evaluated with the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). LC50 was used for survival and represents an interpolation from three or more partial-effect concentrations.

Chemical characteristics of Lake Superior water were monitored during the testing period according to procedures outlined by the American Public Health Association and procedures employing atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

no

Conclusions:

For Daphnia magna, the Barium LC50 in a 48-h test was 14.5 mg/L

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1972

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Remarks:

Results are based on nominal values, and test did not exacty follow existing guidance (1972-study), but followed test method well described and test conditions (eg.g. test medium composition) were properly identified.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Americal Chemical Society reagent-grade

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Strain: laboratory clone
Source: University of Michigan
Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 12h +/- 12h
Feeding during test: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

2 d

Hardness:

45.2 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

18 +/- 1 °C

pH:

7.74

Dissolved oxygen:

+/- 9 mg O2/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

nominal/measured test concentrations not reported: geometric series of 5-12 concentrations (not specified for Sr)

Details on test conditions:

- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates):2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): not reported

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Lake Superior water; unfiltered water strained through a #20 bolting cloth
- Metals: 14 µg Ba/L ; 16 µg Sr/L ; 0.78 µg Zn/L ; <0.5 µg Ni/L ; 1.51 µg Cu/L ; <0.5 µg Co/L ; < 0.01 g Hg/L ; < 0.1 µg Cd/L - Chloride: 1.22 mg/L
- Alkalinity: 42.3 mg/L as CaCO3
- Ca: 13.7 mg /L
- Mg: 3.12 mg/L
- K: 0.53 mg/L
- Na: 1.13 mg/L

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
complete immobilisation or death

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

125 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Strontium

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Results were statistically evaluated with the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949). LC50 was used for survival and represents an interpolation from three or more partial-effect concentrations.

Chemical characteristics of Lake Superior water were monitored during the testing period according to procedures outlined by the American Public Health Association and procedures employing atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

no

Conclusions:

For Daphnia magna, the Strontium LC50 in a 48-h test was 125 mg/L

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: US Environmental Protection Agency, 440/5-86-001; Method for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Amphibians.

Version / remarks:

1975/1980

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

NaF pro analysi, Merck, FRG

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other aquatic arthropod: Trichoptera aquatic larvae

Details on test organisms:

Last instars of trichoptera aquatic larvae were collected from fluoride unpolluted areas of Spanish rivers: Chimarra marginata Linnaeus, Hydropsyche lobata MacLachlan and Hydropsyche bulbifera MacLachlan from Rio Aulencia (Madrid), Hydropsyche exocellata Dufour from Rio Jarama (Madrid), and Hydropsyche
pellucidula Curtis from Rio Duraton (Segovia). In the laboratory, test organisms were randomly selected and placed into test aquaria.

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

12-19 mg CaCO3/L

Test temperature:

13.25-15.95°C

pH:

7.41-7.83

Dissolved oxygen:

9.95-10.25

Details on test conditions:

Laboratory bioassays were conducted in glass aquaria each with a volume of 10 L dechlorinated tap water. Necessary water oxygenation and turbulence were produced by two air pumps per aquarium. Chamber environmental temperature and natural photoperiod were utilized. Test fluoride solutions were made from sodium fluoride (NaF pro analysi, Merck, FRG).

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

See any other information for more details.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

>= 26.3 - <= 48.2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

element

Remarks:

Fluoride ion

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

From a simple comparison of median lethal concentrations for five species, we can infer that H. bulbifera and H. exocellata are the most sensitive species to fluoride, since their 96-hr LC50s are smallest and their 95% confidence limits do not significantly overlap with the 95% confidence limits of the other species tested.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

See attached table

Benthic larvae were found to be sensitive to the concentration of fluoride ion with EC50 values ranging from 26 to 48 mg/L (actual concentration). These organisms appear more sensitive than D.magna according to the EU RAR for hydrogen fluoride.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Benthic larvae were very sensitive to the concentration of fluoride ion with EC50 values ranging from 26 to 48 mg/L (actual concentration).

Executive summary:

Benthic trichoptera larvae (Chimarra marginata, Hydropsyche lobata, Hydropsyche bulbifera, Hydropsyche exocellata and Hydropsyche pellucidula) collected in Spanish rivers were found to be sensitive to the concentration of fluoride ion with EC50 values ranging from 26 to 48 mg/L (actual concentration).

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

See the read-across document provided under section 13 for the justification of the read-across approach.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

18.5 mg/L

Conclusions:

Based on read-across and a worst-case approach, short-term aquatic toxicity of CH02886 to aquatic invertebrates was determined: EC50 = 18.5 mg/L. Following CLP rules, no classification is required for the substance.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

14.5 mg/L