Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 946-013-3 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no standard test but selection criteria fulfilled for klimisch 2
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Seedling emergency and seedling growth tests with thirty plant species.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Boric acid was added in solution to soil and mixed until visible uniformity of colour and texture. The final soil moisture was 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC. Soils were left to equilibrate for one day before the start of the tests.
- Species:
- other: Agropyron dasystachyum
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: northern wheatgrass
- Species:
- other: Agropyron riparium
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: streambank wheatgrass
- Species:
- other: Agropyron smithii
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Western wheatgrass
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Spanish onion
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Species:
- other: Beckmannia syzigachne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: American sloughgrass
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Canola
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: cabbage
- Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: turnip
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: mountain bromegrass
- Test type:
- early seedling growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- other: natural + artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 d
- Remarks:
- depending on the plant species (4-24 days)
- Test temperature:
- 24°C +/- 2°C
- pH:
- artificial soil: 6.4-6.6
clay-loam reference soil: 6.1-6.3 - Moisture:
- 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test facility: 16 sq ft. environmental growth camber
- Testing container (type, material, size): covered glass petri dish (100 x 15 mm)
- Amount of soil: 70 g of soil dw (100 g of wet weight)
- No. of replicates per treatment: 4
- No. of treatments: 6 (including the experimental control for each soil type)
- No. of replicates per control: 4
- No. of seeds per container: 5 or 10 (depending on the species)
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL SOIL
- Ingredients: 70% silica sand, 20%, kaolinity clay, 10%, sphangum peat and maximum 0.3% calcium carbonate.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 76.4
- % silt: 8.9
- % clay: 14.8
- Total carbon (%): 2.15
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.02
- Organic matter (%): 3-5
- pH water (1:2): 6.4-6.6
- eCEC: 6-9 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 3.5 mg B/kg dw
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY LOAM REFERENCE SOIL
- collected soil from Alberta (Canada)
- classified as a Delacour Orthic Black Chernozem.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 26.6
- % silt: 42.8
- % clay: 30.6
- Total carbon (%): 6.48
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.62
- Organic matter (%): 11.6-12.2
- pH water (1:2): 6.1-6.3
- eCEC: 36 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 1.0 mg B/kg dw
- The soil beneath the sod was air-dried to about 10-20% moisture content, sieved (4 mm or 9 mm) and stored at 4°C until needed.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Growth chamber was used
- Temperature: 24°C +/- 2°C
- Simulated natural sunlight (fluorescent VitaLite(r) lighting
- Light intensity: 765 µmoles/m2/s
- Photoperiod: 16h light / 8h dark , except for the first 48h (dark)
Test endpoints: seedling emergence, shoot/root length, shoot/root wet/dry phytomass, or whole plant wet/dry phytomass - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0-160-240-320-480-640 mg boric acid/kg dw,
corresponding to 28-42-56-84-112 mg B/kg dw. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Species:
- other: Agropyron dasystachyum
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron dasystachyum
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 46.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Agropyron riparium
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron riparium
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron dasystachyum
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 g/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron dasystachyum
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 g/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron smithii
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 40.1 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Agropyron smithii
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Agropyron smithii
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 g/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 g/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Beckmannia syzigachne
- Duration:
- 24 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 16.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Beckmannia syzigachne
- Duration:
- 24 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 36.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Beckmannia syzigachne
- Duration:
- 24 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield whole plant
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 45.1 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 84 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 g/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 84 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 23.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 45.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Brassica rapa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 26.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 32.5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 84 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Details on results:
- Test results measured but not mentioned in the summary table are not reliable because:
- the estimated EC20 value is lower than the lowest tested concentration, or
- the estimated EC20 value is higher than the highest tested concentration, or
- there is no clear dose response relationship - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC50 and EC20 values were generated using the Probit method
NOEC values were estimated using anova p<0.05 - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- This study followed no standard guidelines but meets basic scientific principles, is well documented and tests are well described.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no standard test but selection criteria fulfilled for klimisch 2
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Seedling emergency and seedling growth tests with thirty plant species.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Boric acid was added in solution to soil and mixed until visible uniformity of colour and texture. The final soil moisture was 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC. Soils were left to equilibrate for one day before the start of the tests.
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- common name: mountain bromegrass
- Species:
- other: Calamagrostis canadensis
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -common name: bluejoint marsh reed
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: cucumber
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: carrot
- Species:
- other: Festuca rubra
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: red fescue
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: soybean
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: barley
- Species:
- other: Koeleria macrantha
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: June grass
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: lettuce
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissimum
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: flax
- Species:
- other: Schizachyrium scoparium
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- common name: little bluestem
- Test type:
- early seedling growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- other: natural + artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 d
- Remarks:
- depending on the plant species (4-24 days)
- Test temperature:
- 24°C +/- 2°C
- pH:
- artificial soil: 6.4-6.6
clay-loam reference soil: 6.1-6.3 - Moisture:
- 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test facility: 16 sq ft. environmental growth camber
- Testing container (type, material, size): covered glass petri dish (100 x 15 mm)
- Amount of soil: 70 g of soil dw (100 g of wet weight)
- No. of replicates per treatment: 4
- No. of treatments: 6 (including the experimental control for each soil type)
- No. of replicates per control: 4
- No. of seeds per container: 5 or 10 (depending on the species)
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL SOIL
- Ingredients: 70% silica sand, 20%, kaolinity clay, 10%, sphangum peat and maximum 0.3% calcium carbonate.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 76.4
- % silt: 8.9
- % clay: 14.8
- Total carbon (%): 2.15
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.02
- Organic matter (%): 3-5
- pH water (1:2): 6.4-6.6
- eCEC: 6-9 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 3.5 mg B/kg dw
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY LOAM REFERENCE SOIL
- collected soil from Alberta (Canada)
- classified as a Delacour Orthic Black Chernozem.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 26.6
- % silt: 42.8
- % clay: 30.6
- Total carbon (%): 6.48
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.62
- Organic matter (%): 11.6-12.2
- pH water (1:2): 6.1-6.3
- eCEC: 36 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 1.0 mg B/kg dw
- The soil beneath the sod was air-dried to about 10-20% moisture content, sieved (4 mm or 9 mm) and stored at 4°C until needed.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Growth chamber was used
- Temperature: 24°C +/- 2°C
- Simulated natural sunlight (fluorescent VitaLite(r) lighting
- Light intensity: 765 µmoles/m2/s
- Photoperiod: 16h light / 8h dark , except for the first 48h (dark)
Test endpoints: seedling emergence, shoot/root length, shoot/root wet/dry phytomass, or whole plant wet/dry phytomass - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0-160-240-320-480-640 mg boric acid/kg dw,
corresponding to 28-42-56-84-112 mg B/kg dw. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Species:
- other: Bromus marginatus
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam field soil
- Species:
- other: Calamagrostis canadensis
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 16.6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Calamagrostis canadensis
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Calamagrostis canadensis
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 45.3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial sandy loam
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial sandy loam
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 27.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Festuca rubra
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 23.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Festuca rubra
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 38.2 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Festuca rubra
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield total plant
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial sandy loam
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28.2 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial sandy loam
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Koeleria macrantha
- Duration:
- 9 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Koeleria macrantha
- Duration:
- 9 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 22.5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 37 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loamsoil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial sandy loam
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissumum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissumum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 49 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissumum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- in yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissumum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissimum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Linum usitatissimum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- field root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Schizachyrium scoparium
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 46 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- other: Schizachyrium scoparium
- Duration:
- 10 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 52 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Details on results:
- Test results measured but not mentioned in the summary table are not reliable because:
- the estimated EC20 value is lower than the lowest tested concentration, or
- the estimated EC20 value is higher than the highest tested concentration, or
- there is no clear dose response relationship - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- nr
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC50 and EC20 values were generated using the Probit method
NOEC values were estimated using anova p<0.05 - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- This study followed no standard guidelines but meets basic scientific principles, is well documented and tests are well described.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no standard test but selection criteria fulfilled for klimisch 2
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Seedling emergency and seedling growth tests with thirty plant species.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Boric acid was added in solution to soil and mixed until visible uniformity of colour and texture. The final soil moisture was 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC. Soils were left to equilibrate for one day before the start of the tests.
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- perennial ryegrass
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- tomato
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- alfalfa
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: tomothy
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -c ommon name: radish
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: red clover
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: wheat
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: corn
- Test type:
- early seedling growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- other: natural + artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 24 d
- Remarks:
- depending on the plant species (4-24 days)
- Test temperature:
- 24°C +/- 2°C
- pH:
- artificial soil: 6.4-6.6
clay-loam reference soil: 6.1-6.3 - Moisture:
- 30-40% (based on wet weight), corresponding to 70% of WHC
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test facility: 16 sq ft. environmental growth camber
- Testing container (type, material, size): covered glass petri dish (100 x 15 mm)
- Amount of soil: 70 g of soil dw (100 g of wet weight)
- No. of replicates per treatment: 4
- No. of treatments: 6 (including the experimental control for each soil type)
- No. of replicates per control: 4
- No. of seeds per container: 5 or 10 (depending on the species)
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL SOIL
- Ingredients: 70% silica sand, 20%, kaolinity clay, 10%, sphangum peat and maximum 0.3% calcium carbonate.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 76.4
- % silt: 8.9
- % clay: 14.8
- Total carbon (%): 2.15
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.02
- Organic matter (%): 3-5
- pH water (1:2): 6.4-6.6
- eCEC: 6-9 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 3.5 mg B/kg dw
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY LOAM REFERENCE SOIL
- collected soil from Alberta (Canada)
- classified as a Delacour Orthic Black Chernozem.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 26.6
- % silt: 42.8
- % clay: 30.6
- Total carbon (%): 6.48
- Total nitrogen (%): 0.62
- Organic matter (%): 11.6-12.2
- pH water (1:2): 6.1-6.3
- eCEC: 36 cmol c/kg
- background B concentration: 1.0 mg B/kg dw
- The soil beneath the sod was air-dried to about 10-20% moisture content, sieved (4 mm or 9 mm) and stored at 4°C until needed.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Growth chamber was used
- Temperature: 24°C +/- 2°C
- Simulated natural sunlight (fluorescent VitaLite(r) lighting
- Light intensity: 765 µmoles/m2/s
- Photoperiod: 16h light / 8h dark , except for the first 48h (dark)
Test endpoints: seedling emergence, shoot/root length, shoot/root wet/dry phytomass, or whole plant wet/dry phytomass - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0-160-240-320-480-640 mg boric acid/kg dw,
corresponding to 28-42-56-84-112 mg B/kg dw. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 17.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 38.3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Phleum pratense
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 38 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 46.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 17.1 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: artificial soil
- Species:
- Trifolium pratense
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 55.8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 84 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: on clay loam soil
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Triticum aestivum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 34.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 27.7 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 15.3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil, NOEC calculated as EC20/2
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 47.2 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 34.6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil, calculated as ECx/2
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- root length
- Remarks on result:
- other: in clay loam soil
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: in artificial soil
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 56 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield root
- Remarks on result:
- other: clay loam soil
- Details on results:
- Test results measured but not mentioned in the summary table are not reliable because:
- the estimated EC20 value is lower than the lowest tested concentration, or
- the estimated EC20 value is higher than the highest tested concentration, or
- there is no clear dose response relationship - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC50 and EC20 values were generated using the Probit method
NOEC values were estimated using anova p<0.05 - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- This study followed no standard guidelines but meets basic scientific principles, is well documented and tests are well described.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study was performed according to ISO 11269-2 (2000) guidelines and is well documented.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 11269-2 "Soil Quality – Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora – Part 2: Effects of chemicals on the emergence and growth of higher plants"
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The study has no formal GLP certificate. However, the study was conducted at a GLP-certified laboratory, staff was appropriately trained and standard operating procedures were followed in terms of experimental performance and raw data documentation.
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- A stock solution and respective dosage solutions (geometric series of dilutions of the stock solution) were prepared immediately before application to the test soil. To adjust the test item concentrations in the test soil, the bulk soil for all test species from the same treatment was mixed with the respective volume of test solution and then distributed to the test pots.
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -common name: (oat)
-type: St. Champion
-Source:Saatenunion, D-30916 Isernhagen, Germany. - Species:
- Brassica napus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -common name: rape
-type: Akelei
-source: LUFA Speyer D-67346 Speyer, Germany. - Test type:
- early seedling growth toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 20 d
- Test temperature:
- 18-25 °C
- pH:
- 6.2
- Moisture:
- 7.1 % dry weight
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: The test plants were cultivated in a controlled environment room
- Testing containers: Plant pots made of polypropylene were used as test pots. Rectangular polystyrene beakers, 18.3 cm by 13.6 cm large and 6.4 cm high were used as water reservoirs for the test pots
- Amount of soil: 900g
- Method of seeding: Plant seeds were randomly picked with a pair of tweezers and pressed 5 to 10 mm deep into the soil at a uniform distance between each other. The soil surface was carefully smoothed afterwards.
- No. of seeds per container: 40
- No. of plants (retained after thinning):
- No. of replicates per treatment group:
- No. of replicates per control:
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Speyer, Germany
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: no fertilizer or pesticides the last two years before sampling
- Organic carbon [%]: 0.99
- pH (0.01 M CaCl2): 6.2
- Cation exchange capacity [mval/100 g]: 7
- Max. water holding capacity [g/100 g]: 34.2
- Particle size according to USDA [mm]: Relative distribution [%]
< 0.002 9.3
0.002 - 0.05 29.1
0.05 - 2.0 61.6
- Soil type: sandy loam
- Pretreatment of soil: sieving (<2 mm)
- From 2006 till 2008: soil uncultivated. From 2004 till 2005: soil cultivated (pumpkin) and fertilization used (400kg/ha in 2004 and 300kg/ha in 2005). Fertilizer was Nirophoska Spezial (12% N, 12% P2O5, 17% K2O)
NUTRIENT MEDIUM (if used)
- Description: After seedling emergence all reservoirs were filled once with a nutrient solution (100 mL,each). The nutrient solution was prepared by diluting 7.0 mL of a commercially available liquid fertilizer (Substral®) per litre of demineralised water.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Light intensity in the CE-room measured approximately at canopy height was at least 4000 lx
- Light source: high presure metal halide lamps
- Day/night temperatures: 18/25 °C
- Relative humidity (%): 40-70%
- Watering regime and schedules: when necessary
- Water source/type: deionised water
- Any pest control method/fertilization (if used): none
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : At the end of the test, seedlings were cut at the soil surface, and shoot length and shoot fresh weight of each individual plant were determined immediately. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal added concentrations: control, 31.3, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg H3BO3/kg soil dry weight,
corresponding to control, 5.5, 10.9, 21.8, 43.7 and 87.4 mg B/kg dw - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 20 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 27.8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 20 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot biomass
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 20 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 39.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot length
- Species:
- Brassica napus
- Duration:
- 20 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 13.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- shoot biomass
- Details on results:
- Seedling shoot length of A. sativa was significantly reduced at all tested concentrations while shoot mass was reduced at concentrations of 125 mg/kg soil and higher. B. napus shoot length and biomass were reduced at concentrations of 250 and 125 mg/kg soil, respectively.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- All calculations were based on the mean values of the seedlings per pot. EC50, EC20, and EC10. were determined by Probit Analysis. Positive effects (values > control, i.e. >100%) were set to 100%.
For shoot length and biomass data normal distribution was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Test, and homogeneity of the variances by Cochran's Test Procedure.
NOEC and LOEC were determined by applying the Williams multiple sequential t-test
procedure. two sided. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Study was performed according to ISO 11269-2 (2000) guidelines and is well documented. 20-day EC10 values for shoot length and shoot biomass of 27.8 and 11.0 mg B/kg dry soil, respectively are obtained for Avena sativa (oat) and 20-day EC10 values for shoot length and shoot biomass of 39.4 and 13.9 mg B/kg dry soil, respectively are obtained for Brassica napus (rape). All EC10 values were selected for PNEC derivation.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no standard test guideline followed but well performed and well documented study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 90 day plant growth test with Medicago sativa
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Soil and fertilizer materials (KNO3, Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O, KCl, FeEDDHA and ZnSO4) were thoroughly mixed and put in 1.8 L pots. Boron was supplied as Na2B4O7.10H2O.
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa L.
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - common name: alfalfa
- cultivars: ladak, rambler, riley and agate - Test type:
- vegetative vigour test
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 90 d
- pH:
- pH in saturated paste:
Keith soil: 8.4
Ulysses soil: 7.3
Ascalon soil: 7.4 - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (type, material, size): 1.8 L pots
- No. of replicates: 3
- Two harvests (after 45 and 90 days)
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Colorado, USA
- Keith soil:
- soil classification (USDA system): Aridic Argiustoll
- pH: 8.4
- Organic matter (%): 2.1
- % sand: 16
- % silt: 58
- % clay: 26
- Ulysses soil
- soil classification (USDA system): Aridic Haplustoll
- pH: 7.3
- Organic matter (%): 1.4
- % sand: 49
- % silt: 30
- % clay: 21
- Ascalon soil
- soil classification (USDA system): Aridic Argiustoll
- pH: 7.4
- Organic matter (%): 1.1
- % sand: 84
- % silt: 2
- % clay: 14
- Pretreatment of soil: air-dried, ground and sived through 6 mm screen. Soil and fertilizers were thoroughly mixed - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0, 10, 20, 40 mg B/kg dw
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 11% growth stimulation compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 48% growth stimulation compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 20% growth inhibition at NOEC, 37% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 18% growth inhibition at NOEC, 68% inhibition at LOEC (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, NOEC calculated as LOEC/2 with 18% inhibition at LOEC
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Ladak
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 6% growth inhibition at NOEC, 47% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 4% growth inhibition compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 33% growth stimulation compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 3% growth inhibition at NOEC, 65% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 18% growth inhibition at NOEC, 66% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- < 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 32% growth inhibition at lowest dose tested (10 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Rambler
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 13% growth inhibition at NOEC, 62% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 11% growth inhibition compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 14% growth inhibition compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 4% growth inhibition at NOEC, 43% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 4% growth inhibition at NOEC, 39% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 13% growth stimulation at NOEC, 35% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw))
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Riley
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 14% growth inhibition at NOEC, 41% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 1% growth inhibition compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 40 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Keith soil, 28% growth stimulation compared to control at largest dose tested (40 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, NOEC calculated as LOEC/2 with 14% inhibition at LOEC
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ulysses soil, 11% growth inhibition at NOEC, 34% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 45 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 19% growth stimulation at NOEC, 26% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Species:
- other: Medicago sativa, cv Agate
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- B
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: Ascalon soil, 8% growth inhibition at NOEC, 42% inhibition at LOEC (20 mg B/kg dw)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- NOEC and LOEC values were derived based on ANOVA (Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% significance level The NOEC/LOEC values are based on the data reported in Table 3 of the original study. Values within a column for each cultivar followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range test). Consequently, the NOEC is the highest B dose followed by the same letter as the control.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- This study does not follow standard test guidelines but is well performed and well documented. All bounded NOEC values are selected for PNEC derivation.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: no standard test guideline followed but well performed and well documented study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- 70-day plant growth test with Zea mays
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Boron was added to the soil in powder form (as boric acid). Soils were thoroughly mixed and irrigated to field capacity.
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Test type:
- vegetative vigour test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 10 wk
- Post exposure observation period:
- not reported
- Test temperature:
- not reported
- pH:
- 7.5
- Moisture:
- not reported
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Location: greenhouse
- Test container (type, material, size): plastic pots, 1.6L
- Amount of soil: 2 kg
- treatments: B and Zn added to the soil in powder form, each pot was fertilized
- No. of seeds per container: 6 uniform seeds
- No. of plants (retained after thinning): 3 (2 weeks after emergence)
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: uncultivated field from Iran
- Sampling depth (cm): ap horizon
- Soil texture (if natural soil)
- % sand: 36
- % silt: 42
- % clay: 22
- Soil taxonomic classification: fine, mixed, mesic, fluventic haploxerepts
- Organic matter (%): 0.6
- electrical conductivity: 0.5 dS/m
- CEC: 11.5 cmol/kg
- DTPA extractable Zn: 0.4 mg/kg
- Hot water solubel boron: 0.22 mg/kg
- Pretreatment of soil: air dried and grinded through a 2mm sieve - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 an 80 mg B/kg
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- plant height
- Remarks on result:
- other: 7% stimulation compared to control
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 15.9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 63.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Remarks on result:
- other: 6% inhibition compared to control
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 7.2 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 70 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 33.6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- yield shoot
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- NOEC and LOEC values for dry matter yield and plant height were derived based on analysis of variance using MSTATC computer program. ECx values were calculated based on data reported and a log-logistic dose-response curve fitted by minimising unweighted squared residuals sum (maximum likelihood).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- This study does not follow standard test guidelines but is well performed and well documented and therefore reliable. The EC10 values are used for PNEC derivation.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for hazard assessment
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 11269-1 (1993): barley root elongation
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The study has no formal GLP status, but it study was performed by qualified staff according to international guidelines and can therefore be considered as GLP-confom.
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- A stock solution of the weak acid H3BO3 was made (25 g/l). Soils were spiked in doses within the range of 0-293 mg B/kg by mixing the B solutions in the soil using a laboratory spoon.
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -common name: barley grass
- Test type:
- seed germination/root elongation toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 d
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- Soil E1: 4.4
Soil E2: 5.2
Soil E3: 6.3
Soil E4: 6.7
Soil E5: 6.8
Soil E6: 7.3
Soil E7: 7.8
Soil B1: 5.0
Soil B2: 4.5
Soil B3: 5.2
Soil B4: 6.8
Soil B5: 6.0
Soil B6: 4.4
Soil B7: 7.1
Soil U1: 7.2
Soil U2: 7
Soil U3: 7.4
Soil U4: 7.3
Soil U5: 7.7 - Moisture:
- 80% of pF 2
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: growth cabinet
- Test container (type, material, size): cylindrical pots, approximately 2.8 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height
- Amount of soil: 80-100g wet weight
- Method of seeding: Summer barley seeds were pregerminated at 20°C in darkness. Three seeds with a radical length lower than 2 mm were planted in each pot approximately 10 mm beneath the surface of the soil.
- No. of seeds per container: 1
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per control: 3
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Fourteen European soils, 5 soils from USA
- Soil texture (if natural soil)
Soil E1: 9 % sand, 5 % silt, 20 % clay
Soil E2: 81 % sand, 8 % silt, 2 % clay
Soil E3: 43% sand, 16% silt, 27 % clay
Soil E4: 8% sand, 70% silt, 12 % clay
Soil E5: 51% sand, 11 % silt, 33 % clay
Soil E6: 20% sand, 50 % silt, 10 % clay
Soil E7: 34% sand, 16 % silt, 11 % clay
Soil B1: 10% sand, 9 % silt, 13 % clay
Soil B2: 84 % sand, 71 % silt, 2 % clay
Soil B3: 4% sand, 66 % silt, 19 % clay
Soil B4: 31% sand, 34 % silt, 14 % clay
Soil B5: 18% sand, 67 % silt, 17 % clay
Soil B6: 37% sand, 45 % silt, 10 % clay
Soil B7: 17% sand, - % silt, 19 % clay
Soil U1: 5.8 % clay
Soil U2: 9.6 % clay
Soil U3: 2.1 % clay
Soil U4: 31.1 % clay
Soil U5: 17.5 % clay
- Organic carbon (%):
Soil E1: 30.7
Soil E2: 1.8
Soil E3: 3.6
Soil E4: 0.9
Soil E5: 0.6
Soil E6: 2.8
Soil E7: 3.6
Soil B1: nd (not determined)
Soil B2: nd
Soil B3: nd
Soil B4: nd
Soil B5: nd
Soil B6: nd
Soil B7: nd
Soil U1: 0.52
Soil U2: 0.72
Soil U3: 0.14
Soil U4: 0.78
Soil U5: 0.60
- CEC (cmolc/kg):
Soil E1: 41.7
Soil E2: 4.1
Soil E3: 30
Soil E4: 12.2
Soil E5: 14.2
Soil E6: 14.3
Soil E7: 14.1
Soil B1: 13.8
Soil B2: 14.6
Soil B3: 9.6
Soil B4: 16.3
Soil B5: 12.2
Soil B6: 37.7
Soil B7: nd
Soil U1: nd
Soil U2: nd
Soil U3: nd
Soil U4: nd
Soil U5: nd
- Pretreatment of soil: All soils were air dried at 25° C and sieved to <4 mm.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12h/12h cycle light/darkness
- Light source: natural light
- Day/night temperatures: 20/16°C
- Relative humidity (%): 70
ACCLIMATION PERIOD: root elongation was tested in soils either immediately after spiking with boric acid and after 1 and 5 months equilibration (ageing). Soils were aged at 80% of pF 2 at 20° C in closed pots that had headspace of about 50% of the volume and which were regularly opened for air exchange.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : The endpoint of this assay is the mean length of the longest root of each seedling per pot after 4 days - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal added concentrations: control, 3.0, 7.5, 18.8, 46.9, 117.2, 293.0 mg added B/kg dry matter
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 27 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E1. 95% CL:17-42
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 3 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E2. 95%CL: 2-3
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E3. 95%CL: 11-23
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E4. 95%CL: 6-13
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 19 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E6. 95%CL: 12-30
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil E7. 95%CL: 7-27
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B2. 95%CL: 5-14
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B3. 95%CL: 5-17
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B4. 95%CL: 9-13
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B5. 95%CL: 13-24
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 17 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B6. 95%CL: 14-21
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 19 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil B7. 95%CL: 14-28
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil U1. 95%CL: 5-11
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 13 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil U2. 95%CL: 9-18
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil U3. 95%CL: 3-6
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for freshly spiked soil U4. 95%CL: 13-31
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Dose-response curves were fitted by a log-logistic model using the Marquardt Method.
The ED10/ED50 model was adjusted to account for hormesis effects when the root growth in the soils with added B was at least 20% higher compared to the control soil. The ‘dose’ in this model is the added B concentration (nominal concentration), and ED10 values and their 95% confidence interval, expressed as added B, are predicted from the appropriate parameters of the curve. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Reliable study. For each soil, the geomean of the EC10 values for all three equilibration periods (immediately after spiking or after 1 or 5 months ageing) is used for PNEC derivation.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for hazard assessment
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ISO 11269-1 (1993): barley root elongation
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The study has no formal GLP status, but it study was performed by qualified staff according to international guidelines and can therefore be considered as GLP-confom.
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- A stock solution of the weak acid H3BO3 was made (25 g/l). Soils were spiked in doses within the range of 0-293 mg B/kg by mixing the B solutions in the soil using a laboratory spoon.
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- -common name: barley grass
- Test type:
- seed germination/root elongation toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 d
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- Soil E1: 4.4
Soil E2: 5.2
Soil E3: 6.3
Soil E4: 6.7
Soil E5: 6.8
Soil E6: 7.3
Soil E7: 7.8
Soil B1: 5.0
Soil B2: 4.5
Soil B3: 5.2
Soil B4: 6.8
Soil B5: 6.0
Soil B6: 4.4
Soil B7: 7.1
Soil U1: 7.2
Soil U2: 7
Soil U3: 7.4
Soil U4: 7.3
Soil U5: 7.7 - Moisture:
- 80% of pF 2
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: growth cabinet
- Test container (type, material, size): cylindrical pots, approximately 2.8 cm in diameter and 11 cm in height
- Amount of soil: 80-100g wet weight
- Method of seeding: Summer barley seeds were pregerminated at 20°C in darkness. Three seeds with a radical length lower than 2 mm were planted in each pot approximately 10 mm beneath the surface of the soil.
- No. of seeds per container: 1
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per control: 3
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Fourteen European soils, 5 soils from USA
- Soil texture (if natural soil)
Soil E1: 9 % sand, 5 % silt, 20 % clay
Soil E2: 81 % sand, 8 % silt, 2 % clay
Soil E3: 43% sand, 16% silt, 27 % clay
Soil E4: 8% sand, 70% silt, 12 % clay
Soil E5: 51% sand, 11 % silt, 33 % clay
Soil E6: 20% sand, 50 % silt, 10 % clay
Soil E7: 34% sand, 16 % silt, 11 % clay
Soil B1: 10% sand, 9 % silt, 13 % clay
Soil B2: 84 % sand, 71 % silt, 2 % clay
Soil B3: 4% sand, 66 % silt, 19 % clay
Soil B4: 31% sand, 34 % silt, 14 % clay
Soil B5: 18% sand, 67 % silt, 17 % clay
Soil B6: 37% sand, 45 % silt, 10 % clay
Soil B7: 17% sand, - % silt, 19 % clay
Soil U1: 5.8 % clay
Soil U2: 9.6 % clay
Soil U3: 2.1 % clay
Soil U4: 31.1 % clay
Soil U5: 17.5 % clay
- Organic carbon (%):
Soil E1: 30.7
Soil E2: 1.8
Soil E3: 3.6
Soil E4: 0.9
Soil E5: 0.6
Soil E6: 2.8
Soil E7: 3.6
Soil B1: nd (not determined)
Soil B2: nd
Soil B3: nd
Soil B4: nd
Soil B5: nd
Soil B6: nd
Soil B7: nd
Soil U1: 0.52
Soil U2: 0.72
Soil U3: 0.14
Soil U4: 0.78
Soil U5: 0.60
- CEC (cmolc/kg):
Soil E1: 41.7
Soil E2: 4.1
Soil E3: 30
Soil E4: 12.2
Soil E5: 14.2
Soil E6: 14.3
Soil E7: 14.1
Soil B1: 13.8
Soil B2: 14.6
Soil B3: 9.6
Soil B4: 16.3
Soil B5: 12.2
Soil B6: 37.7
Soil B7: nd
Soil U1: nd
Soil U2: nd
Soil U3: nd
Soil U4: nd
Soil U5: nd
- Pretreatment of soil: All soils were air dried at 25° C and sieved to <4 mm.
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12h/12h cycle light/darkness
- Light source: natural light
- Day/night temperatures: 20/16°C
- Relative humidity (%): 70
ACCLIMATION PERIOD: root elongation was tested in soils either immediately after spiking with boric acid and after 1 and 5 months equilibration (ageing). Soils were aged at 80% of pF 2 at 20° C in closed pots that had headspace of about 50% of the volume and which were regularly opened for air exchange.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED : The endpoint of this assay is the mean length of the longest root of each seedling per pot after 4 days - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal added concentrations: control, 3.0, 7.5, 18.8, 46.9, 117.2, 293.0 mg added B/kg dry matter
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 31 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E1. 95% CL:21-45
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E2. 95%CL: 5-7
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 11 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E3; 95% CL: 8-16
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 17 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E4. 95%CL: 12-21
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E6. 95%CL: 12-33
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil E7. 95%CL: 3-23
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B1; 95% CL: 17-25
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B2. 95%CL: 7-10
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B3. 95%CL: 13-19
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 8 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B4. 95%CL: 5-12
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 36 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B5. 95%CL: 24-52
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 33 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B6. 95%CL: 26-42
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil B7. 95%CL: 7-10
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil U1. 95%CL: 5-9
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil U2. 95%CL: 8-14
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil U3. 95%CL: 3-6
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 19 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for 1 month aged soil U4. 95%CL: 12-30
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 21 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E1. 95%CL: 10-45
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 5 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E2. 95%CL: 4-7
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 15 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E3. 95%CL: 9-24
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E4. 95%CL: 10-18
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 30 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E6. 95%CL: 18-50
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil E7. 95%CL: 8-35
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 15 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B1. 95%CL: 11-22
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 6 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B2. 95%CL: 5-7
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B3. 95%CL: 7-11
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B4. 95%CL: 5-17
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B5. 95%CL: 7-21
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B6. 95%CL: 15-32
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil B7. 95%CL: 13-20
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 22 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil U1. 95%CL: 18-26
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 38 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil U2.
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil U3. 95%CL: 11-16
- Species:
- Hordeum vulgare
- Duration:
- 4 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 26 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- added B
- Basis for effect:
- other: root elongation
- Remarks on result:
- other: for aged (5 months) soil U4; 95% CL: 15-38
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Dose-response curves were fitted by a log-logistic model using the Marquardt Method.
The ED10/ED50 model was adjusted to account for hormesis effects when the root growth in the soils with added B was at least 20% higher compared to the control soil. The ‘dose’ in this model is the added B concentration (nominal concentration), and ED10 values and their 95% confidence interval, expressed as added B, are predicted from the appropriate parameters of the curve. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Reliable study. For each soil, the geomean of the EC10 values for all three equilibration periods (immediately after spiking or after 1 or 5 months ageing) is used for PNEC derivation.
Referenceopen allclose all
Shooth Length | Avena sativa (mg B/kg dry weight) | Brassica napus(mg B/kg dry weight) |
EC20 | 35.7 | 43.8 |
EC50 | 54.7 | 53.6 |
NOEC | <5.5 | 21.8 (-6.4% inhibition) |
NOEC | 5.5 (8% inhibition) | 43.7 (19.9% inhibition) |
Shoot Biomass |
EC10 | 11.0 | 13.9 |
EC20 | 16.4 | 18.2 |
EC50 | 32.2 | 30.5 |
NOEC | 10.9 (9.8% inhibition) | 10.9 (13.6% inhibition) |
LOEC | 21.8 (32.9% inhibition) | 21.8 (30.2% inhibition) |
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
In total 190 individual high quality NOEC/EC10 values (for 28 different species) are selected for the PNEC derivation, ranging from 3 mg B/kg for barley root elongation in Zwijnaarde soil (Van Laer et al., 2010) to 84.0 mg B/kg forwheat shoot length, canola shoot yield and western wheatgrass root yield (Aquaterra, 1998).
A large number of papers were assessed from the literature, yet only a limited toxicity dataset could be created due to the poor quality of most of the data.
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