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EC number: 606-970-7 | CAS number: 222716-77-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (the nominal ThOD based test material concentration was 37 mg O2/L instead of > 50 mg O2/L as recommended by the testing guideline. This deviation did not adversely impact the results of this study.)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.4-D (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (the nominal ThOD based test material concentration was 37 mg O2/L instead of > 50 mg O2/L as recommended by the testing guideline. This deviation did not adversely impact the results of this study.)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge: Worlingworth sewage treatment works (Suffolk, UK)
- Method of cultivation / Preparation of inoculum for exposure: At the time of collection, the sludge was sieved (1 mm²) then transported to the laboratory and left stand for approximately 30 minutes to allow the sewage solids to settle. A portion of the supernatant was removed and the sludge aerated until required. - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 37 mg/L
- Based on:
- ThOD/L
- Initial conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: mineral salts medium (MSM) according to guideline, prepared using tap-water that had been softened and treated by reverse osmosis and then purified; nominal resistivity ≥ 18 MegOhm.cm. The pH wasadjusted to 7.4 ± 0.2 with 5M HCl. This water complies with the relevant standards (British Standard (BS) 3978, 1987; American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 1193-06) for classification as Grade 1 or Type 1 water for laboratory use.
- Test temperature: 20 to 22°C.
- pH: 7.5 to 7.6 at the start of the test and 7.4 to 7.6 at the end
- pH adjusted: not necessary
- Suspended solids concentration: 30 mg/L
- Continuous darkness: not reported
- Other: The inoculum was added to the culture bottles 1 day before test initiation to allow a period of ageing.
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: glass culture bottles in a temperature controlled water bath
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 2
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: internal oxygen generating process
- Measuring equipment: Co-ordinated Environmental Services (CES) Ltd automated respirometer
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: continuous monitoring of the cumulative amount of oxygen consumed; the cumulative oxygen demand made by each cell was printed at, typically, hourly intervals
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank (2 flasks): inoculated mineral salts medium (MSM)
- Reference (1 flask): inoculated MSM + sodium benzoate (50 mg O₂/L)
- Toxicity control (1 flask): inoculated MSM + test material (50 mg O₂/L) + sodium benzoate (50 mg O₂/L)
- Nitrification test (1 flask): inoculated MSM + test material (50 mg O₂/L) + Allylthiourea (ATU, 11.6 mg/L)
- Nitrification control (1 flask): inoculated MSM + ATU (11.6 mg/L) - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 13
- Sampling time:
- 3 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on ThOD
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 64
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: based on ThOD
- Details on results:
- Mean oxygen consumption in biotic mixtures containing the test material was equivalent to 10% of the ThOD value after approximately 3 days, 50% after 13 days and 64% at the end of the test (Table 1). Since the test material is an UVCB the 10-day window condition (i.e. at least 60% degradation within 10 days after 10% degradation have been reached) does not apply (Commission Regulation (EU) No 286/2011).
In the nitrification controls the degradation of the test material was similar to that in uninhibited cultures (Table 1)
In the presence of test material the degradation of sodium benzoate achieved 67% after 3 days indicating that the test substance was not inhibitory to the microbial inoculum (Table 1) - Results with reference substance:
- The reference substance sodium benzoate had achieved 60% of the ThOD after 4 days of incubation and 73% by Day 28 (Table 1).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- The results obtained for the rate of degradation of sodium benzoate (60% of its ThOD after 4 days) and for the cumulative amount of oxygen consumed by the control mixtures (28 and 37 mg O₂/L) fulfill the validity criteria for this test.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: readily biodegradable, but failing 10-day window. For UVCB-substances the 10-day window condition does not apply (Commission Regulation (EU) No 286/2011).
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- disregarded due to major methodological deficiencies
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- unsuitable test system
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 E (Ready biodegradability: Modified OECD Screening Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Quality Assurance Programme/GLP standards not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- other: secondary effluent, domestic
- Details on inoculum:
- The inoculum was derived from the secondary effluent of a treatment plant receiving predominantly domestic sewage. Inoculum was collected and filtered through a folded filter. The sample was aerated for 6 days at room temperature (pre-conditioning), filtered again and used for test preparation.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- < 10 mg/L
- Based on:
- other: DOC (measured in test material solution before addition of inoculum)
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- DOC removal
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: mineral medium as in test guideline (containing yeast extract as source for vitamines)
- Additional substrate: none
- Solubilising agent (type and concentration if used): none
- Test temperature: 22 °C ± 2 °C
- pH: 7.4 ± 0.1
- pH adjusted: no
- Suspended solids concentration: not determined
- Continuous darkness: no (diffuse light)
PREPARATION OF TEST MATERIAL SOLUTION
Approximately 2 g of test material was each weighed into two 1L glass-bottles. The bottles were filled up to 1 L with mineral medium. The flasks were shaken overnight on a laboratory shaker. Additional filtration through a folded filter resulted in a clear solution. The DOC of the saturated solutions was below 10 mg DOC/L. The pH value of the test substance solution was determined to 7.4 ± 0.1. The prepared saturated solutions were used for the test without dilution. The sample was inoculated by addition of 0.5 mL of inoculum.
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 1 L glass-bottles covered with aluminium foil to allow free exchange of air
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 2
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: samples were incubated on a laboratory shaker
- Measuring equipment: DOC analyser
- Test performed in open system: yes
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: Day 0 (immediately after preparation), 1, 5, 9, 16, 26, and 28
- Sampling method: A volume of about 10 ml of each test suspension was taken at sampling. Before sampling any evaporation losses from the flasks were made good by adding water in the required amount if necessary. The culture medium was thoroughly shaken before withdrawing a sample and it was ensured that no material was adhering to the walls of the vessels. The samples were membrane filtered (0.45 µm) immediately after they had been taken.
- Sample storage before analysis: filtered samples were stored at -18 C until sample analysis.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: 2
- Positive control: sodium acetate (2x); sodium benzoate (2x) - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Remarks:
- 42.8 mg/l
- Reference substance:
- acetic acid, sodium salt
- Remarks:
- 141.7 mg/l
- Parameter:
- % degradation (DOC removal)
- Value:
- 100
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Results with reference substance:
- Both reference samples, sodium benzoate and sodium acetate, reached a degradation level of more than 70% within 10 days after the substance degradation had reached a l0% threshold degradation level.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- the chosen test method is not suitable
- Interpretation of results:
- other: decrease of DOC fulfills the criteria for ready biodegradability. However, the decrease of DOC is most probably due to adsorption.
- Conclusions:
- The results obtained in this study are disregarded due to the following reasons:
- According to OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals the used test method (OECD 301E) is not suitable for poorly soluble substances. Poorly soluble substances are such with a solubility limit <100 mg/L (OECD Monograph 23 (2000) Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures). The solubility in water for the test material has been determined to be < 1 mg/L.
- The initial DOC concentration in the test material solutions was below 10 mg DOC/L. According to OECD 301E 10-40 mg DOC/L should be tested.
- The DOC originating from the test material in the flasks was only little above the background (DOC content in blanks was about 4 mg/L).
- The DOC decreased very fast (90-100% within the first day). This could indicate adsorption/desorption processes.
None of these items was addressed in the study report.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1: Biodegradation of the test and reference substances
% Biodegradation |
||||||
Day |
Test material |
Test material in the presence of ATU |
Sodium Benzoate |
Sodium Benzoate in the inhibition mixture |
||
Test 1 |
Test 2 |
Mean |
||||
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
34 |
21 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
47 |
58 |
3 |
14 |
13 |
13 |
24 |
54 |
67 |
4 |
23 |
22 |
23 |
34 |
60 |
- |
5 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
38 |
63 |
- |
6 |
32 |
33 |
32 |
41 |
65 |
- |
7 |
35 |
37 |
36 |
44 |
67 |
- |
8 |
38 |
40 |
39 |
45 |
68 |
- |
9 |
41 |
43 |
42 |
46 |
68 |
- |
10 |
43 |
46 |
44 |
48 |
69 |
- |
11 |
45 |
48 |
46 |
49 |
70 |
- |
12 |
46 |
49 |
48 |
50 |
70 |
- |
13 |
48 |
51 |
49 |
50 |
71 |
- |
14 |
49 |
53 |
51 |
51 |
71 |
- |
15 |
50 |
54 |
52 |
52 |
71 |
- |
16 |
52 |
56 |
54 |
52 |
71 |
- |
17 |
53 |
57 |
55 |
53 |
71 |
- |
18 |
54 |
58 |
56 |
53 |
71 |
- |
19 |
55 |
59 |
57 |
54 |
72 |
- |
20 |
56 |
60 |
58 |
54 |
72 |
- |
21 |
57 |
61 |
59 |
55 |
72 |
- |
22 |
58 |
62 |
60 |
55 |
72 |
- |
23 |
59 |
63 |
61 |
55 |
72 |
- |
24 |
60 |
64 |
62 |
55 |
73 |
- |
25 |
61 |
65 |
63 |
55 |
73 |
- |
26 |
61 |
66 |
63 |
56 |
73 |
- |
27 |
62 |
66 |
64 |
55 |
73 |
- |
28 |
62 |
66 |
64 |
56 |
73 |
- |
Table 1: DOC values measured in test material flasks
Day |
DOC¹ |
Degradation in %³ |
|||
Blank² |
Flask 1 |
Flask 2 |
Flask 1 |
Flask 2 |
|
0 |
3.95 |
11.0 |
10.4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
4.05 |
5.0 |
3.5 |
87 |
109 |
5 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
99 |
108 |
9 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
5.1 |
104 |
119 |
16 |
6.05 |
6.6 |
6.1 |
92 |
99 |
26 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
109 |
109 |
28 |
5.5 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
107 |
97 |
¹: Flasks 1 and 2 corrected for blank
² Mean of two replicates
³: The DOC of the test material solutions before addition of inoculum was <10 mg DOC/L.
Description of key information
Biodegradation in water: screening tests: biodegradation 64% (ThOD) in 28 days (OECD 301F, EU C.4-D)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable but failing 10-day window
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 286/2011, the 10-day window condition does not apply for UVCB substances.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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