Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 241-629-2 | CAS number: 17647-86-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 18.04 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 902.21 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- There are no relevant experimental data on repeated exposure by inhalation. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting route).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- An extrapolation factor of 4 was used because the DNEL was derived from a OECD 422 with a treatment duration of 29 days (males) up to 53 days (females).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL extrapolated from long term DNEL
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 51.17 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 10 234 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- There are no relevant experimental data on repeated dermal exposure. Taken into account the physico-chemical and toxic properties of the substance, dermal absoption is anticipated to be 10 % of oral absorption.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- An extrapolation factor of 4 was used because the DNEL was derived from a OECD 422 with a treatment duration of 29 days (males) up to 53 days (females).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "worker" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General
DNEL derivation for the test item is performed under consideration
of the recommendations of ECHA (2012).
Acute, systemic DNEL
The test substance is not classified and labelled for acute systemic
toxicity, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), based on the
test data for acute oral and dermal toxicity. Thus, the derivation of a
DNEL for acute/short term exposure is not required.
Acute/long term DNEL for local effects
Respiratory irritation: No short-term or long-term inhalation study
is available. Based on the results of an acute eye irritation study, the
test substance is classified for eye irritation cat. 1 according to
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) and associated to the moderate hazard
band. In conclusion mucosal membrane damage has been identified (in
accordance with "Guidance on information requirements and chemical
safety assessment", chapter R8, November 2012). Thus, a qualitative
assessment is conducted.
Skin irritation/corrosion: The test substance is not classified for skin
irritation/corrosion according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP)
based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative
assessment is conducted.
Eye irritation: The test substance is classified for eye irritation cat.
1 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available
experimental data. Therefore, a qualitative assessment is conducted.
Long term, systemic DNEL
Occupational exposure to the test substance occurs mainly by oral
and dermal route. Therefore two long-term DNELs are calculated for
workers. In view of the data used for evaluation, the "quality of whole
database factor", "dose-response factor" and “remaining uncertainties”
are considered to amount each to a value of 1, and are thus not shown in
the calculations presented below.
Exposure by inhalation
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting
point):
For risk characterization an inhalation NOAEC was derived by route
to route extrapolation. The OECD TG 422 study is selected for DNEL
derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in
accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in
rats is 731 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long-term inhalation
exposure) is derived. A conservative approach is used assuming a two
times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared
to the oral route (starting point). This worker DNEL is considered to
ensure an appropriate level of protection with regard to acute
inhalation exposure (no high peaks of exposure expected).
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 731 mg/kg bw/day
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 8 hours: 0.38 m³/kg
bw/d
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of worker: 5 days/week
Oral absorption of the rat / inhalation absorption of humans
(ABSoral-rat / ABSinh-human): 0.5
Standard respiratory volume of humans (sRVhuman) for 8 hours: 6.7 m³
Worker respiratory volume (wRV) for 8 hours with light physical
activity: 10 m³
Corrected inhalatory NOAEC for workers
= 731 mg/kg bw/d × 0.5 × (1 / 0.38 m³/kg bw/d) × (6.7 m³/10 m³) x 7/5
= 902.21 mg/m³
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 50
Interspecies: Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered
by the modification of the NOAEC
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 4 (29 - 53 days)
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, workers = 18.04
mg/m³
Dermal exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting
point):
The OECD TG 422 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the
relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline
and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 731 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
A worker DNEL (long-term dermal exposure) is derived. Based on
physico-chemical (MW = 141.2 g/mol, log Kow = -2.91) and toxic
properties of the test substance dermal absorption is anticipated to be
low. The test substance is not classified as skin irritant or skin
sensitizer and therefore no damage to the skin may enhance penetration.
Thus, a dermal absorption of 10 % of oral absorption is assumed as worst
case.
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 731 mg/kg bw/day
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the worker: 5 days/week
ABS (oral rat): 100 %
ABS (dermal human): 10 %
Corrected dermal NOAEL for worker:
= 731 mg/kg bw/d x (100/10) x 7/5 = 10234 mg/kg bw/d.
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 200
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (worker): 5
Exposure duration AF: 4 (29 - 53 days)
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, workers = 51.17 mg/kg
bw/day
References
(not included as endpoint study record)
- ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety
assessment. Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose
[concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1 ECHA-2010-G-19
–EN.
- ECHA (2014). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety
assessment. Chapter R.7.12: Endpoint specific guidance: Guidance on
Toxicokinetics. Version 2. ECHA-14 -G-06 -EN.
- ECHA (2012) Practical Guide 15: How to undertake a qualitative human
health assessment and document it in a chemical safety report, November
2012.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.71 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 270.74 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- There are no relevant experimental data on repeated exposure by inhalation. A conservative approach is used assuming a two times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared to the oral route (starting point).
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- An extrapolation factor of 4 was used because the DNEL was derived from a OECD 422 with a treatment duration of 29 days (males) up to 53 days (females).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered by the factors used for route to route extrapolation.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 18.28 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 400
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 7 310 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- There are no relevant experimental data on repeated dermal exposure. Taken into account the physico-chemical and toxic properties of the substance, dermal absoption is anticipated to be 10 % of oral absorption.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- An extrapolation factor of 4 was used because the DNEL was derived from a OECD 422 with a treatment duration of 29 days (males) up to 53 days (females).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.83 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 400
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 731 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response relationship is considered unremarkable, therefore no additional factor is used.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 4
- Justification:
- An extrapolation factor of 4 was used because the DNEL was derived from a OECD 422 with a treatment duration of 29 days (males) up to 53 days (females).
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for other interspecies differences.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- The default value for the relatively homogenous group "general population" is used.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole data base is considered to be sufficient and uncritical.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative. No further assessment factors are required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
General
DNEL derivation for the test item is performed under consideration
of the recommendations of ECHA (2012).
Acute, systemic DNEL
The test substance is not classified and labelled for acute systemic
toxicity, according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), based on the
test data for acute oral and dermal toxicity. Thus, the derivation of a
DNEL for acute/short term exposure is not required.
Acute/long term DNEL for local effects
Respiratory irritation: No short-term or long-term inhalation study
is available. Based on the results of an acute eye irritation study, the
test substance is classified for eye irritation cat. 1 according to
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) and associated to the moderate hazard
band. In conclusion mucosal membrane damage has been identified (in
accordance with "Guidance on information requirements and chemical
safety assessment", chapter R8, November 2012). Thus, a qualitative
assessment is conducted.
Skin irritation/corrosion: The test substance is not classified for skin
irritation/corrosion according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP)
based on the available experimental data. Therefore, no qualitative
assessment is conducted.
Eye irritation: The test substance is classified for eye irritation cat.
1 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) based on the available
experimental data. Therefore, a qualitative assessment is conducted.
Long term, systemic DNEL
Exposure to the test substance may occur via inhalation, dermal and
oral route. Therefore three long-term DNELs are calculated for general
population. In view of the data used for evaluation, the "quality of
whole database factor", "dose-response factor" and “remaining
uncertainties” are considered to amount each to a value of 1, and are
thus not shown in the calculations presented below.
Exposure by inhalation
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting
point):
For risk characterization an inhalation NOAEC was derived by route
to route extrapolation. The OECD TG 422 study is selected for DNEL
derivation as it is the relevant repeated dose study performed in
accordance to OECD guideline and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in
rats is 731 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification into a correct starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a worker DNEL (long-term inhalation
exposure) is derived. A conservative approach is used assuming a two
times higher absorption via the inhalation route (end route) as compared
to the oral route (starting point). This general population DNEL is
considered to ensure an appropriate level of protection with regard to
acute inhalation exposure (no high peaks of exposure expected).
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 731 mg/kg bw/day
Standard respiratory volume of the rat (sRVrat) for 24 hours: 1.35 m³/kg
bw/d
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of the general population: 7 days/week
Oral absorption of the rat / inhalation absorption of humans
(ABSoral-rat / ABSinh-human): 0.5
Corrected inhalatory NOAEC for general population
= 731 mg/kg bw/d × 0.5 × (1 / 1.35 m³/kg bw/d) × 7/7
= 270.74 mg/m³
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 100
Interspecies: Respiratory interspecies differences are fully covered
by the modification of the NOAEC
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 4 (29 - 53 days)
In conclusion, long term systemic inhalation DNEL, general population
= 2.71 mg/m³
Dermal exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting
point):
The OECD TG 422 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the
relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline
and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 731 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the starting point:
Using a conservative approach, a DNEL for general population
(long-term dermal exposure) is derived. Based on physico-chemical (MW =
141.2 g/mol, log Kow = -2.91) and toxic properties of the test substance
dermal absorption is anticipated to be low. The test substance is not
classified as skin irritant or skin sensitizer and therefore no damage
to the skin may enhance penetration. Thus, a dermal absorption of 10 %
of oral absorption is assumed as worst case.
Relevant dose descriptor (NOAEL): 731 mg/kg bw/day
Frequency of exposure used in study: 7 days/week
Frequency of exposure of the worker: 7 days/week
ABS (oral rat): 100 %
ABS (dermal human): 10 %
Corrected dermal NOAEL for worker:
= 731 mg/kg bw/d x (100/10) x 7/7 = 7310 mg/kg bw/d.
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 400
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 4 (29 -53 days)
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, general population = 18.28
mg/kg bw/day
Oral exposure
Step 1: Selection of the relevant dose descriptor (starting
point):
The OECD TG 422 study is selected for DNEL derivation as it is the
relevant repeated dose study performed in accordance to OECD guideline
and GLP. In this study, the oral NOAEL in rats is 731 mg/kg bw/day.
Step 2: Modification of the
starting point:
Not required
Step 3: Use of assessment factors: 400
Interspecies AF, allometric scaling (rat to human): 4
Interspecies AF, remaining differences: 2.5
Intraspecies AF (general population): 10
Exposure duration AF: 4 (29 - 53 days)
In conclusion, long term systemic dermal DNEL, general population = 1.83
mg/kg bw/day
References
(not included as endpoint study record)
- ECHA (2012). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety
assessment. Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose
[concentration]-response for human health. Version 2.1 ECHA-2010-G-19
–EN.
- ECHA (2014). Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety
assessment. Chapter R.7.12: Endpoint specific guidance: Guidance on
Toxicokinetics. Version 2. ECHA-14 -G-06 -EN.
- ECHA (2012) Practical Guide 15: How to undertake a qualitative human
health assessment and document it in a chemical safety report, November
2012.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.