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EC number: 273-159-9 | CAS number: 68951-62-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From August 04, 2017 to October 30, 2017
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Adopted 17 July 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.4-D (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Official Journal of the European Communities, L 383 A, Part C.4-D, Biodegradation: Determination of ready biodegradability – Manometric respirometry. 29 December 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- Activated sludge was obtained from Totnes Sewage Treatment Works, Totnes, Devon, UK on 23 August 2017. This works treats sewage of predominantly domestic origin. At the laboratory, the activated sludge was kept aerated at room temperature and the pH maintained at 7.0 ± 1.0. Six days prior to the exposure start the activated sludge was centrifuged, washed and re suspended in the mineral medium and the solids concentration determined. This sludge was then diluted in medium, added to test bottles and stirred until required for use. The seeded mineral medium was pre-conditioned for six days to reduce the blank oxygen uptake readings in the test.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- ca. 49 d
- Initial conc.:
- ca. 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- COD
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- Test apparatus
The measurement of oxygen uptake was conducted in the Oxitop™ respirometers (Wissenschaftlich-Technische Werkstätten, GmbH, Germany). Each individual unit consisted of a dark glass 500 mL bottle with an Oxitop™ bottle top containing a piezo resistive electronic pressure sensor. Bottles were situated on a magnetic stirrer in a constant temperature incubator. Carbon dioxide produced by microbial respiration was absorbed by potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) placed in a seal cup in the neck of each bottle, and the oxygen taken up was measured as a decrease in pressure. The Oxitop™ controller collected the pressure values from the measuring tops and calculated the BOD (as mg/L). - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Remarks:
- 100 mg/L
- Test performance:
- Validity Criteria
The validity requirements of the OECD guideline state:
· The difference between extremes of replicate biodegradation values should be less than 20% at the end of 10-day window, at the plateau or at the end of the test;
· The positive control should achieve > 60% biodegradation by Day 14.
· The oxygen consumption of the inoculum blank should not exceed 60 mg/L in 28 d.
Mean oxygen uptake of the inoculum blank was below 60 mg/L, as required in the OECD guideline. The difference between replicate test substanceextremes was < 20% after the 10 d window, at plateau, and on day 28. Sodium benzoate reached a mean 74% biodegradation by Day 14. The average of the mean oxygen consumed in the inoculum blanks was 6.9 mg/L after 28 d and 10.0mg/L after 49 d. Therefore, this test has satisfied all the validity criteria. - Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- Test substance
- Value:
- ca. 49
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: not readily biodegradable
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 61
- Sampling time:
- 49 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: inherently biodegradable
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- Toxicity control
- Value:
- ca. 37
- Sampling time:
- 14 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: >25% Biodegradability confirmed that the test substance is assumed not to be inhibitory at used concentration
- Details on results:
- pH and temperature measurements
At the end of the 49 d test period, the pH values ranged from 6.5 to 6.7 in the test substance bottles and from 6.4 to 6.6 in the toxicity control bottles. The inoculum blank and sodium benzoate bottles remained running until day 60 as these were shared controls with other studies, on day 60 the pH values were 7.3 in the inoculum blank bottles and ranged from 6.7 to 7.0 in the sodium benzoate bottles. Temperature measurements recorded in several of the test bottles on day 0 and all bottles on days 42 or 60 (as appropriate) indicated the temperature was within the range 22 ± 1ºC. Continuous monitoring of the incubator temperature showed it to have remained within the range 22 ± 1ºC throughout the study. - Results with reference substance:
- Sodium benzoate did attain a mean level of biodegradation of 81% after 49 d, and the results showed good replication. More than 60% degradation was achieved within the 10 d window as expected for a biodegradable substance, thus confirming that the activated sludge contained viable organisms.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- inherently biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance was classified as inherently biodegradable (49% after 28 d and 61% after 49 d).
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to determine the biodegradability of the test substance, C16-18 AMP, according to OECD Guideline 301F and EU Method C.4-D (Manometric respirometry test), in compliance with GLP. Following pre-conditioning, the test bottles (activated sludge inoculum in mineral medium) were set up for the test according to the experimental design. Positive control (sodium benzoate at 100 mg/L), test substance (100 mg/L) and toxicity controls (test and reference substances, both at 100 mg/L) were prepared in triplicate, while inoculum blanks were prepared in duplicate. Additional single replicate test substance and toxicity control bottles were prepared for determination of pH at Day 0, so that undissolved test substance was not removed by the pH probe. Oxygen uptake was recorded automatically every 240 min during the 49 d experimental period. Oxygen uptake values were corrected for the inoculum blank and biodegradation was calculated as a percentage of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the test substance and as a percentage of the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of the reference substance. The COD of test substance was determined using spectrophotometer for evaluation. Test substance attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:COD ratio) of 49% after 28 d and 61% after 49 d. The test substance results showed good replication and exhibited the potential for rapid degradation. Sodium benzoate attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:ThOD ratio) of 81% after 49 d and also showed a good replication. More than 60% degradation was achieved within the 10 d window, as expected for a biodegradable substance, thus confirming that the activated sludge contained viable organisms. The mean toxicity control degradation achieved on Day 14 was 37% (based on combined ThOD/COD). Since this was > 25%, the test substance was assumed not to be inhibitory at this concentration. The test satisfied all guideline validity criteria. Under the study conditions, the test substance was not readily biodegradable but could be classified as inherently biodegradable (Scymaris, 2017).
Reference
Results
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)
The ThOD of sodium benzoate was calculated as 1.67 g O2/g of substance, using the formula given in the OECD guideline. Biodegradation of sodium benzoate has been calculated on the basis of calculated ThOD.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
The measured COD value of test substance was 2.87 g O2/g of substance, and its biodegradation was calculated on the basis of measured COD.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The results for the reference substance did show that sodium benzoate attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:ThOD ratio) of 81% after 49 d, and also showed a good replication. More than 60% degradation was achieved within the 10 d window as expected for a biodegradable substance, thus confirming that the activated sludge contained viable organisms.
Biodegradation results: Reference substance
Day |
Sodium benzoate (blank corrected) BOD (mg/L) |
BODa (g O2/g) |
Biodegradationb (%) |
|||||||
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Mean |
|
5 |
96.9 |
111 |
113 |
0.97 |
1.11 |
1.13 |
58 |
66 |
68 |
64 |
10 |
107 |
124 |
129 |
1.07 |
1.24 |
1.29 |
64 |
74 |
77 |
72 |
15 |
111 |
134 |
134 |
1.11 |
1.34 |
1.34 |
66 |
80 |
80 |
75 |
20 |
110 |
138 |
133 |
1.10 |
1.38 |
1.33 |
66 |
83 |
80 |
76 |
25 |
112 |
137 |
135 |
1.12 |
1.37 |
1.35 |
67 |
82 |
81 |
77 |
30 |
114 |
139 |
139 |
1.14 |
1.39 |
1.39 |
68 |
83 |
83 |
78 |
35 |
116 |
141 |
141 |
1.16 |
1.41 |
1.41 |
69 |
84 |
84 |
79 |
40 |
115 |
143 |
140 |
1.15 |
1.43 |
1.40 |
69 |
86 |
84 |
80 |
45 |
115 |
149 |
143 |
1.15 |
1.49 |
1.43 |
69 |
89 |
86 |
81 |
49 |
114 |
148 |
145 |
1.14 |
1.48 |
1.45 |
68 |
89 |
87 |
81 |
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand
a BOD (g O2/g) = Blank corrected biodegradation (mg/L)
Sodium benzoate concentration (100 mg/L)
b Biodegradation (%) =Biological Oxygen Demand (g O2/g)× 100
ThOD (1.67 g O2/g)
The following phases (approximate) were observed:
Phase |
Time period |
Lag phase |
Days 0 to 1 |
Degradation phase |
Days 1 to 10 |
10-day window |
Days 1 to 11 |
The results for test substance did show that it attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:COD ratio) of 49% after 28 d and 61% after 49 d, and also showed a good replication. Less than 60% degradation was achieved within 28 d, so test substance could not be classified as readily biodegradable.
Biodegradation results: Test substance
Day |
Test substance (blank corrected) BOD (mg/L) |
BODa (g O2/g) |
Biodegradationb (%) |
|||||||
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Mean |
|
5 |
37.8 |
35.0 |
32.2 |
0.38 |
0.35 |
0.32 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
12 |
10 |
73.2 |
67.5 |
59.1 |
0.73 |
0.68 |
0.59 |
25 |
24 |
21 |
23 |
15 |
106 |
103 |
77.2 |
1.06 |
1.03 |
0.77 |
37 |
36 |
27 |
33 |
20 |
130 |
124 |
90.2 |
1.30 |
1.24 |
0.90 |
45 |
43 |
31 |
40 |
25 |
143 |
135 |
118 |
1.43 |
1.35 |
1.18 |
50 |
47 |
41 |
46 |
30 |
165 |
139 |
145 |
1.65 |
1.39 |
1.45 |
57 |
48 |
51 |
52 |
35 |
178 |
144 |
155 |
1.78 |
1.44 |
1.55 |
62 |
50 |
54 |
55 |
40 |
188 |
149 |
160 |
1.88 |
1.49 |
1.60 |
66 |
52 |
56 |
58 |
45 |
196 |
154 |
165 |
1.96 |
1.54 |
1.65 |
68 |
54 |
57 |
60 |
49 |
198 |
156 |
170 |
1.98 |
1.56 |
1.70 |
69 |
54 |
59 |
61 |
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand
a Biological oxygen demand (g O2/g) =Blank corrected biodegradation (mg/L)
Substance concentration (100 mg/L)
b Biodegradation (%) =Biological Oxygen Demand (g O2/g) × 100
COD (2.87 g O2/g)
The following phases (approximate) were observed:
Phase |
Time period |
Lag phase |
Days 0 to 4 |
Degradation phase |
Days 4 to 34 |
The mean toxicity control degradation achieved on Day 14 was 37% (based on combined ThOD/COD), as this was > 25% the test substance was assumed not to be inhibitory at this concentration.
Day |
Toxicity control (blank corrected) BOD (mg/L) |
BODa (g O2/g) |
Biodegradationb (%) |
|||||||
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Rep 1 |
Rep 2 |
Rep 3 |
Mean |
|
5 |
108 |
113 |
139 |
0.54 |
0.57 |
0.70 |
24 |
25 |
31 |
27 |
10 |
126 |
132 |
183 |
0.63 |
0.66 |
0.92 |
28 |
29 |
41 |
33 |
15 |
151 |
154 |
215 |
0.76 |
0.77 |
1.08 |
33 |
34 |
48 |
38 |
20 |
169 |
186 |
237 |
0.85 |
0.93 |
1.19 |
37 |
41 |
52 |
43 |
25 |
188 |
211 |
258 |
0.94 |
1.06 |
1.29 |
41 |
47 |
57 |
48 |
30 |
215 |
227 |
283 |
1.08 |
1.14 |
1.42 |
48 |
50 |
63 |
54 |
35 |
237 |
237 |
296 |
1.19 |
1.19 |
1.48 |
52 |
52 |
65 |
56 |
40 |
250 |
241 |
303 |
1.25 |
1.21 |
1.52 |
55 |
53 |
67 |
58 |
45 |
264 |
244 |
309 |
1.32 |
1.22 |
1.55 |
58 |
54 |
68 |
60 |
49 |
271 |
252 |
314 |
1.36 |
1.26 |
1.57 |
60 |
56 |
69 |
62 |
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand
a Biological oxygen demand (g O2/g) = Blank corrected biodegradation (mg/L)
Toxicity control concentration (200 mg/L)
b Biodegradation (%) =Biological Oxygen Demand (g O2/g) × 100
Combined ThOD/COD (2.27 g O2/g)
Description of key information
Based on the study results, the test substance was considered to be inherently biodegradable (61% in 49 d).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- inherently biodegradable
Additional information
A study was conducted to determine the biodegradability of the test substance, C16-18 AMP, according to OECD Guideline 301F and EU Method C.4-D (Manometric respirometry test), in compliance with GLP. Following pre-conditioning, the test bottles (activated sludge inoculum in mineral medium) were set up for the test according to the experimental design. Positive control (sodium benzoate at 100 mg/L), test substance (100 mg/L) and toxicity controls (test and reference substances, both at 100 mg/L) were prepared in triplicate, while inoculum blanks were prepared in duplicate. Additional single replicate test substance and toxicity control bottles were prepared for determination of pH at Day 0, so that undissolved test substance was not removed by the pH probe. Oxygen uptake was recorded automatically every 240 min during the 49 d experimental period. Oxygen uptake values were corrected for the inoculum blank and biodegradation was calculated as a percentage of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the test substance and as a percentage of the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of the reference substance. The COD of test substance was determined using spectrophotometer for evaluation. Test substance attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:COD ratio) of 49% after 28 d and 61% after 49 d. The test substance results showed good replication and exhibited the potential for rapid degradation. Sodium benzoate attained a mean level of biodegradation (based on the BOD:ThOD ratio) of 81% after 49 d and also showed a good replication. More than 60% degradation was achieved within the 10 d window, as expected for a biodegradable substance, thus confirming that the activated sludge contained viable organisms. The mean toxicity control degradation achieved on Day 14 was 37% (based on combined ThOD/COD). Since this was > 25%, the test substance was assumed not to be inhibitory at this concentration. The test satisfied all guideline validity criteria. Under the study conditions, the test substance was not readily biodegradable but could be classified as inherently biodegradable (Scymaris, 2017).
[Type of water: freshwater]
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