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EC number: 209-665-3 | CAS number: 589-92-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2015-11-25 to 2016-04-28
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- GLP-compliant study, performed according to guideline, fully adequate for assessment
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: Control and 100 mg/L
- Sampling method: Duplicate samples were taken from the bulk test preparation at 0 hours and from the pooled replicates at 96 hours
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: Samples were stored frozen immediately after sampling - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: A nominal amount of test item (200 mg) was dissolved in culture medium and the volume adjusted to 2 litres to give a 100 mg/L stock solution. The test media was prepared just before inoculation with algal suspension. The entire volume of the 100 mg/L test concentration was inoculated with 14.8 mL of algal suspension to give a nominal cell density of approximately 5.00 × 10^3 cells/mL.
- Controls: Blank control
- Evidence of undissolved material: None reported - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: CCAP 278/4
- Method of cultivation: The master cultures were maintained in the laboratory under constant aeration and constant illumination at 21 ± 1°C
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: Not reported
- Culturing media and conditions: Prior to the start of the test sufficient master culture was added to approximately 100 mL volumes of culture media contained in conical flasks to give an initial cell density of approximately 10^3 cells/mL. The flasks were plugged with polyurethane foam stoppers and kept under constant agitation by orbital shaker (100 – 150 rpm) and constant illumination at 24 ± 1 °C until the algal cell density was approximately 10^4 - 10^5 cells/mL.
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: Not reported - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Hardness:
- 0.15 mmol/L (= 15 mg/L as CaCO3) (calculated)
- Test temperature:
- 24 ± 1°C
- pH:
- Start of test: 7.5 - 7.6
End of test: 10.3 - 10.4 - Dissolved oxygen:
- Not reported
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Control and 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Conical flasks sealed with ground glass stoppers
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 250 mL glass flasks. Due to the potentially volatile nature of the test item, testing was conducted in completely filled, stoppered test vessels in order to minimize possible losses due to volatilization.
- Aeration: None. In order to prevent inhibition of growth due to the restriction of gaseous exchange, additional sodium bicarbonate was added to the culture medium to provide a source of carbon dioxide for algal growth.
- Initial cells density: 5000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 2.94 x 10^5 cells/mL at 72 hours
- No. of vessels per concentration: 6
- No. of vessels per control: 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: Yes, reconstituted test water (ASTM medium) prepared according to OECD Test Guideline No 201
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Culture medium different from test medium: The culture medium was the same as the test medium
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Temperature was recorded daily and pH was determined at the start and end of the test
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: Not reported
- Adjustment of pH: The pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 7.5
- Photoperiod: Continuous illumination
- Light intensity and quality: Mean measured light intensity of 6982 Lux (range: 6790 to 7180 Lux) by warm white lighting (380 to 730 nm)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: Cell densities were determined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours using an electronic particle counter
- Chlorophyll measurement: None
- Other: The shape and size of the algal cells was inspected microscopically at the end of the test
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study: Yes
- Test concentrations: Control, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: No dose-response relationship up to 100 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: growth rate, yield and biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control: Not reported
- Observation of abnormalities: After 96 hours there were no abnormalities detected in the control or test cultures
- Colour differences: At the start of the test all control and test cultures were observed to be clear, colourless solutions. After the 96-hour test period all control and test cultures were observed to be bright green dispersions.
- Other: The increase of pH from the start to the end of the test was considered to be due to the amount of carbon dioxide required by the large number of algal cells in the log phase of growth. CO2 required for photosynthesis and growth would be derived from bicarbonate in solution which results in an increase in the pH of the culture. This increase was considered to have had no adverse effect on the results of the study given that the increase in cell concentration in the control cultures exceeded the validation criterion given in the Test Guidelines.
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: Analysis of the 100 mg/L test concentration at 0 and 96 hours showed measured test concentrations of 87 and 84 % of nominal respectively were obtained - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? Yes
- ErC50: 1.5 mg/L - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical analysis of the growth rate, yield and biomass integral data was carried out for the control and 100 mg/L test concentration using a Student’s t-test incorporating Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981). All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS computer software package (SAS, 1999 - 2001).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For the control cultures after 72 hours, the cell concentration increased by a factor of 59, the mean coefficient of variation for section by section specific growth rate was 30 %, and the coefficient of variation for average specific growth rate was 2 %.
- Conclusions:
- No statistically significant effects to algal growth rate, yield and biomass integral was observed at 100 mg/L after 72 and 96 hours. The 72- and 96-h NOEC was determined to be 100 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of the test item to algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) was assessed according to EU Method C.3 and OECD Guideline 201. The study is reliable without restrictions, as it is GLP-compliant and was conducted according to standard guidelines. Following a preliminary range-finding test, algae were exposed to an aqueous solution of the test item at a single nominal concentration of 100 mg/L (six replicate flasks per treatment) for 96 hours, under constant illumination and shaking at a temperature of 24 ± 1 °C. No statistically significant effects to algal growth rate, yield and biomass integral was observed between the control and 100 mg/L test item concentration after 72 and 96 hours. The 72- and 96-h NOEC was determined to be 100 mg/L.
Reference
Table 1. Inhibition of growth rate, yield and biomass integral in the definitive test (0 to 72 hours)
Nominal concentration (mg/L) | Growth rate (cells/mL/hour) | Growth rate % inhibition | Yield (cells/mL) | Yield % inhibition | Biomass integral (cells/mL) | Biomass integral % inhibition |
Control | 0.057 | - | 2.89E+05 | - | 5.02E+06 | - |
100 | 0.058 | [1] | 3.14E+05 | [8] | 5.92E+06 | [18] |
Values in square brackets indicate an increase in growth as compared to controls
Table 2. Inhibition of growth rate, yield and biomass integral in the definitive test (0 to 96 hours)
Nominal concentration (mg/L) | Growth rate (cells/mL/hour) | Growth rate % inhibition | Yield (cells/mL) | Yield % inhibition | Biomass integral (cells/mL) | Biomass integral % inhibition |
Control | 0.053 | - | 7.74E+05 | - | 1.78E+07 | - |
100 | 0.053 | 0 | 7.85E+05 | [1] | 1.91E+07 | [8] |
Values in square brackets indicate an increase in growth as compared to controls
Description of key information
The toxicity of the test item to algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) was assessed according to EU Method C.3 and OECD Guideline 201. The study is reliable without restrictions, as it is GLP-compliant and was conducted according to standard guidelines. Following a preliminary range-finding test, algae were exposed to an aqueous solution of the test item at a single nominal concentration of 100 mg/L (six replicate flasks per treatment) for 96 hours, under constant illumination and shaking at a temperature of 24 ± 1 °C. No statistically significant effects to algal growth rate, yield and biomass integral was observed between the control and 100 mg/L test item concentration after 72 and 96 hours. The 72- and 96-h NOEC was determined to be 100 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 100 mg/L
Additional information
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