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EC number: 231-596-2 | CAS number: 7647-10-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Positive sensitisation responses to palladium dichloride have been observed following human patch testing (Cristaudo et al., 2005; Muris et al., 2014; Rebandel and Rudzki, 1990; Spiewak et al., 2014; Tillman et al., 2013; Yagami et al., 2014).
Palladium dichloride was described as a potent sensitiser in two GPMT investigations (Wahlberg and Boman, 1990, 1992). In a PLNA in mice, single subcutaneous injections of palladium dichloride induced a significant primary immune response (Schuppe et al., 1998).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin sensitisation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- secondary literature
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guinea-pig maximisation test.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of study:
- guinea pig maximisation test
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- Study completed in 1990.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Not specified.
- Species:
- guinea pig
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route:
- intradermal and epicutaneous
- Vehicle:
- water
- Concentration / amount:
- 0.03 and 2.5%
- Adequacy of induction:
- not specified
- No.:
- #1
- Route:
- epicutaneous, open
- Vehicle:
- other: Saline
- Concentration / amount:
- 0.63 - 1.25%
- Adequacy of challenge:
- not specified
- No. of animals per dose:
- Not specified.
- Details on study design:
- GPMT
pretreatment: FCA
induction: intra- and epidermal (0.03 and 2.5% in water)
challenge: epidermal (0.63-1.25% in saline) - Challenge controls:
- Not specified.
- Positive control substance(s):
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of skin sensitisation
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 1 (skin sensitising) based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- Palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser in a GPMT.
- Executive summary:
The skin sensitising potential of palladium dichloride was investigated in a guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT). Animals were induced with test material (0.03 and 2.5 % in water) by the intradermal and epidermal routes, respectively, following pretreatment with Freund's complete adjuvant. Epidermal challenge (0.63 -1.25% in saline) indicated that palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser in the GPMT.
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- secondary literature
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Guinea-pig maximisation test.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of study:
- guinea pig maximisation test
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- Study completed in 1992.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Not specified.
- Species:
- guinea pig
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route:
- intradermal and epicutaneous
- Vehicle:
- other: Saline
- Concentration / amount:
- 0.03
- Adequacy of induction:
- not specified
- No.:
- #1
- Route:
- epicutaneous, open
- Vehicle:
- other: Saline
- Concentration / amount:
- 0.3 - 2.5%
- Adequacy of challenge:
- not specified
- No. of animals per dose:
- Not specified.
- Details on study design:
- H & S is a method developed by I.M. van Hoogstraten & R.J. Scheper and is similar to the GPMT (Note: The H & S-method was used because the GPMT fails to sensitize a sufficient number of animals with nickel sulfate [used as part of a test for cross reactivity]).
pretreatment: FCA
induction: intradermal (0.03% in saline),
challenge: epidermal (0.3-2.5% in saline) - Challenge controls:
- Not specified.
- Positive control substance(s):
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of skin sensitisation
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 1 (skin sensitising) based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- Palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser in a modified GPMT.
- Executive summary:
The skin sensitising potential of palladium dichloride was investigated in a modified guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT; H &S method). Animals were induced with test material (0.03% in saline) by intradermal injection following pretreatment with Freund's complete adjuvant. Epidermal challenge (0.3 -2.5% in saline) indicated that palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser in the GPMT.
- Endpoint:
- skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- secondary literature
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of study:
- other: popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA)
- Justification for non-LLNA method:
- Study conducted in 1998.
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- Balb/c
- Sex:
- not specified
- Route:
- other: Subcutaneous
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Concentration / amount:
- Not specified
- Details on study design:
- Not specified.
- Challenge controls:
- Not specified.
- Positive control substance(s):
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- positive indication of skin sensitisation
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- Indication of sensitisation
- Conclusions:
- In a PLNA in mice, single subcutaneous injections of PdCl2 induced a significant primary immune response.
- Executive summary:
In a popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) in mice, single subcutaneous injections of palladium(II) dichloride induced a dose-dependent reaction, with an increase in popliteal lymph node cellularity.
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (sensitising)
- Additional information:
Skin patch tests produced a positive reaction to palladium dichloride in one worker out of 142 with prior exposure to platinum group elements (PGEs). No positive reactions were seen following skin prick tests with palladium dichloride in these 142 workers, and no positive skin reactions (following prick tests or patch tests) to palladium dichloride were seen in eleven office personnel with no prior exposure to PGEs (Cristaudo et al., 2005).
Skin patch tests with palladium dichloride (1 or 2% in petrolatum) produced a positive reaction in 154 of 1651 (9.3%) patients attending various European dermatology clinics (Muris et al., 2014).
Patch testing of 100 contact dermatitis patients with 1% aqueous palladium chloride revealed ten (all women) who were responsive to both nickel and the palladium compound (Rebandel and Rudzki, 1990).
A study abstract details patch testing with disodium tetrachloropalladate and palladium dichloride (3 and 2% in petrolatum, respectively) in 1026 patients (730 females and 296 males) with chronic/recurrent eczema aged 1-90 (median 40 years). Positive reactions with palladium dichloride were observed in 100 patients (9.7%) including 24 rated as clinically relevant and 30 as cross-reactions (Spiewak et al., 2014).
A group of 40 dermatitis patients patch tested on the upper back with palladium dichloride for 2 days at concentrations of 0.03, 0.096, 0.3, 0.96 and 3.0% (expressed as concentration of Pd2+) and observed on days 3 and 7 following exposure. Positive reactions were observed in all but 4 of the individuals (Tillman et al., 2013).
A total of 320 patients with suspected contact dermatitis were patch tested with palladium dichloride (1% in petrolatum) from three different sources. Positive rates were 5.0% [16/320], 4.7% [15/320] and 3.4% [11/320] (Yagami et al., 2014).
No relevant human sensitisation data were identified. No in vitro skin sensitisation studies were identified, or are required, as adequate in vivo studies are already available.
The skin sensitising potential of palladium dichloride was investigated in a guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT). Animals were induced with test material (0.03 and 2.5 % in water) by the intradermal and epidermal routes, respectively, following pretreatment with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Epidermal challenge (0.63 -1.25% in saline) indicated that palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser in the GPMT (Wahlberg and Boman, 1990).
In a modified GPMT (H &S method), animals were induced with test material (0.03% in saline) by intradermal injection following pretreatment with FCA. Epidermal challenge (0.3 -2.5% in saline) indicated that palladium dichloride was a potent skin sensitiser (Wahlberg and Boman, 1992).
In a popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) in mice, single subcutaneous injections of palladium(II) dichloride induced a dose-dependent reaction, with an increase in popliteal lymph node cellularity (Schuppe et al., 1998).
Respiratory sensitisation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
- Additional information:
No respiratory tract sensitisation data are available. A new study was not conducted as no standard and validated test method is available and it is not a REACH Standard Information Requirement.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the results of the available (albeit limited) laboratory animal skin sensitisation studies on palladium dichloride , and positive skin sensitisation responses to palladium dichloride following human patch testing, it is appropriate to classify the substance as a skin sensitiser (category 1; no sub-classification is possible based on the current level of information) according to EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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