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EC number: 204-846-3 | CAS number: 127-51-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Experimental result using OECD guidelines.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Biodegradation study was conducted according to OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test) for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- not specified
- Inoculum or test system:
- other: Mixed inoculum
- Details on inoculum:
- Mixed Inoculum Preparation:Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule was added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism.
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: OECD mineral medium was used for the study
- Test temperature: 20°C
- Continuous darkness: Yes
- Other: The water used in this study is deionized water.
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: The apparatus used in this study is BOD bottles; with glass stoppers (125 ml), BOD incubator & oxygen electrode and meter.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: it contains only test inoculum
- Procedure control: contains reference compound and inoculum
- Reference substance:
- other: Sodium Benzoate
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 42.51
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Other details not known
- Details on results:
- The oxygen consumed by the test systems was corrected for oxygen consumption occurring in the blank test systems.The BOD Values (mgO2/mg) and percent biodegradation results for each test system are reported in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.25 mgO2/mg. ThOD was determined by calculation as 2.94 mgO2/mg. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and was determined to be 42.51% at 20 ± 1°C. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 39.15% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.
- Results with reference substance:
- The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 39.15% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- other: ultimate inherently biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The test chemical undergoes 42.51% biodegradation after 28 days in the test condition. Thus, the test item was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.
- Executive summary:
28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule were added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 39.15% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.25 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 2.94 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 42.51%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.
Reference
TABLE 1: D.O Values (mg/L)
No. of Days |
Inoculum Blank (Control) |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
7 |
6.3 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
14 |
6 |
2 |
1.2 |
21 |
5.7 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
28 |
5.4 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
TABLE 2: BOD Values (mg O2/mg)
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0.35 |
0.65 |
14 |
0.95 |
1.17 |
21 |
1.15 |
1.2 |
28 |
1.25 |
1.27 |
TABLE 3: PERCENT BIODEGRDATION RESULTS
No. of Days |
Test Suspension |
Procedure Control (Reference Item) |
0 |
0% |
0% |
7 |
11.9% |
39.15% |
14 |
32.31% |
70.48% |
21 |
39.11% |
72.28% |
28 |
42.51% |
76.5% |
Table 4: BOD28, THOD AND % BIODEGRADATION VALUES
Method details |
BOD28(mgO2/mg) |
ThOD (mgO2/mg) |
%Biodegradation |
Test Item |
1.25 |
2.94 |
42.51 |
Reference Item |
1.27 |
1.66 |
76.5 |
Description of key information
28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical (Experimental study report, 2018). The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule were added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 39.15% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid.The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.25 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 2.94 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 42.51%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- inherently biodegradable
Additional information
Various experimental studies of the test chemical were reviewed for the biodegradation end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study report (2018) for the test chemical,28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test chemical. The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. 1 polyseed capsule were added in 500 ml D.I water and then stirred for 1 hour for proper mixing and functioning of inoculum. This gave the bacterial count as 10E7 to 10E8 CFU/ml. At the regular interval microbial plating was also performed on agar to confirm the vitality and CFU count of microorganism. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 39.15% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.25 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 2.94 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 42.51%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be ultimate inherently biodegradable in nature.
Another biodegradation study was conducted for 56 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (from secondary source, 2017). The study was performed according to OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test) at a temperature of 14-22°C. Initial test chemical conc. Used for the study was10 mg DOC/L. Activated sludge (Unacclimatized) was used as a test inoculum for the study. The test material (10 mg DOC/L) and secondary effluent from an unacclimatized activated sludge were shaken in a sealed vessel at 14-22 °C for 28 days. The headspace carbon dioxide level and inorganic carbon in the test medium was analysed. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 61.8% by CO2 evolution parameter in 28 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
In a supporting study from secondary source (2017), biodegradation experiment was conducted according to OECD Guideline 302 C (Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II)) for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical. Activated sludge mixture(1:1) from city sewage plant and chemical sewage plant was used as a test inoculum for the study. Concentration of inoculum i.e, sludge used was 100 mg/l and initial test substance conc. used in the study was 30 mg/l, respectively. Sodium benzoate (100 mg/l) was used as reference substance.The test substance (30 mg/L) or reference substances (100 mg/L) sodium benzoate was inoculated with a mixture of activated sludge (100 mg dry sludge/L) in a closed oxygen consumption measuring device for 56 days at 25 °C. Oxygen concentration was monitored continuously using a BOD meter. Percent biodegradation values were arithmetic mean of 2 or 3 independent measurements. The reference substance was 100% degraded after 28 days. Test chemical undergoes 63.4% degradation after 56 days. Time required for 10% degradation of test substance was 12 days. Thus, the test chemical was considered as inherently biodegradable in nature.
For the test chemical,biodegradation study was conducted for 28 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (Susumu Ishizaki et. al., 2004). Activated sludge was used as a test inoculum for the study. Basic culture medium was used as a test medium for the study. The medium consisted of the following components (per liter of distilled water): 0.063g of K2HPO4, 0.026g of KH2PO4, 0.134g of Na2HPO4.7H2O, 0.0005g of NH4Cl, 0.068f of MgSO4, 0.083g of CaCl2, and 0.0008g of FeCl3.6H2O. The study was performed at a temperature of 25°C.To the resulting standard medium (900 ml), 108 mg of test chemical and 120 mg of standard activated sludge were added. The mixture was incubated at 25°C for 28 days undercontinuous shaking. The metabolites were extracted with ether, and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (10:1) to give the product A. An analytical sample was further purified by GLC analysis. The IR absorption band at 1730/cm indicated the presence of carbonyl group. The 1H-NMR spectrum showed the presence of a geminal dimethyl at 0.76 & 0.91 ppm, a methyl on a double bond at 1.62 ppm, a methyl of methyl ketone at 2.81 ppm, and a proton on a double bond at 5.33 ppm. The 13C-NMR spectrum indicated the presence of 12 carbons. Thus, the product A was identified as (±)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)propan-2-one. Although percentage degradation of test chemical was not known, but major degradation product of test chemical was isolated and identified as(±)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)propan-2-one, indicating that the test chemical is biodegradable in nature.
Additional supporting biodegradation study (from peer reviewed journal Staci L. Simonich et. al., 2000) was conducted in activated sludge & trickling filter wastewater treatment for 3 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical. Wastewater was used as a test inoculum for the study. Initial test chemical conc. used for the study were 0.00367 mg/l and 0.00267 mg/l, respectively. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 99.5 and 94.6% degradation in activated sludge & trickling filter wastewater treatment over a period of 3 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
On the basis of above overall results for test chemical, it can be concluded that the test chemical can be expected to be ultimate inherently biodegradablein nature.
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