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EC number: 202-767-9 | CAS number: 99-57-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Hydrolysis
On the basis of the experimental studies of the structurally and functionally similar read across chemical and applying the weight of evidence approach, the hydrolysis half-life value of the test chemical can be expected to be > 1 yr, at pH range 4, 7 & 9 and a temperature of 25°C or 50°C, respectively. Thus, based on this half-life value, it can be concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable in water.
Biodegradation in water
Biodegradation study was conducted for 150 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (Elias Razo Flores et. al., 1996). The study was performed under anaerobic conditions at a temperature of 30°C.The methanogenic granular sludge obtained from a full-scale upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB) treating a petrochemical wastewater containing benzoate and acetate as primary substrates was used as a test inoculum for the study.The sludge was elutriated to remove the fines and predigested at 30°C during a 30 days period in order to deplete all endogenous substrate in the sludge.The sludge contained 10.5% TSS and 8.5% VSS. Initial test substance conc. used in the study was 100 mg/l, respectively. 120 ml glass serum flask was used as a test vessel for the study. Basal medium was used as a test medium for the study, with the exception of NaHCO3 supplied at 5 g/l.Predigested granular sludge (1 g VSS/L) was transferred to serum flasks containing 24 mL of the basal medium and acetate from a neutralized stock to yield a final concentration of 50 mg of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L. The serum flasks were sealed with 12 mm thick butyl rubber stoppers and flushed with 70% N2-30% CO2 gas for 5 minutes and incubated overnight at 30°C to allow for biological consumption of residual O2. The desired amount of test chemical was then added to triplicate serum flasks using concentrated stock solutions. Later serum flasks were incubated with shaking (50 rpm) in a temperature controlled room at 30°C over a 150 day period.The methane composition in the headspace of each serum flask was monitored periodically during the assays. The serum flasks were shaken vigorously before gas measurements were taken. Methane production was calculated from the volume of the headspace and the methane composition in the gas. Net methane production was calculated by subtracting background methane production in the controls from that in the test vials. The corrected methane production (M) was expressed as a percentage of the theoretical methane production (TMP) expected from the test chemical mineralization.Sludge blank which contains no test chemical was setup to correct for background gas production from the sludge.Both Benzoate and phenol were used as reference compounds in the study.The concentrations of benzoate and phenol used were 250 mg/L. The benzoate was completely degraded in 20 days and the phenol in 45 days. ultimate conversion of the substrate COD to methane was equal to 85.5% ± 1.82 and 82.8% ± 2.32 for benzoate and phenol respectively.The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 0% after 150 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemicalis considered to be not biodegradable in water.
Biodegradation in water and sediment
Estimation Programs Interface (2018) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 15.6% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 37.5 days (900 hrs). The half-life (37.5 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 337.5 days (8100 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.139%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.
Biodegradation in soil
The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (2018). If released into the environment, 84.2% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 75 days (1800 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
The bioaccumulation study was conducted for estimating the BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical (HSDB and PubChem, 2017). The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value was calculated using a logKow of 1.26 and a regression-derived equation. The estimated BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical was determined to be 3.6 dimensionless, which does not exceed the bioconcentration threshold of 2000, indicating that the test chemical is considered to be non-accumulative in aquatic organisms.
Adsorption / desorption
Adsorption study was conducted for estimating the adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical (HSDB and PubChem, 2017). The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value was calculated using a logKow of 1.26 and a regression derived equation. The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical was estimated to be 120 (Log Koc = 2.079). This Koc value indicates that the test chemical has a low sorption to soil and sediment and therefore have moderate migration potential to ground water.
Additional information
Hydrolysis
Data available for the structurally and functionally similar read across chemicals has been reviewed to determine the half-life of the test chemical. The studies are as mentioned below:
The half-life of the test chemical was determined at different pH range. The study was performed at a temperature of 25°C and pH of 4, 7 and 9, respectively. As the test chemical has no groups that are susceptible to hydrolysis in the pH range 4 to 9, therefore, it is considered stable to hydrolysis in both surface and groundwater, respectively. The half-life value of test chemical was determined to be > 1 yrat pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively at a temperature of25⁰C. Thus based on this, test chemical is considered to be not hydrolysable.
In an another study, the half-life of the test chemical was determined at different pH range. The study was performed according to OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH) at a temperature of 50°C. As the hydrolysis of test chemical did not reach > 10% in any of the pH systems, the preliminary study was terminated. Test chemical was reported to be hydrolytically stable at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively at a temperature of 50⁰C for 5 days. Based on this, it is concluded that the test substance is not hydrolysable.
For the test chemical, the half-life of the test chemical was determined at different pH range. The study was performed according to OECD Guideline 111 (Hydrolysis as a Function of pH) at a temperature of 25°C. Although half-life value of test chemical was not known, but chemical was reported to be hydrolytically stable at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively & at a temperature of 25⁰C. Thus based on this, test chemical is considered to be not hydrolysable.
On the basis of the experimental studies of the structurally and functionally similar read across chemical and applying the weight of evidence approach, the hydrolysis half-life value of the test chemical can be expected to be > 1 yr, at pH range 4, 7 & 9 and a temperature of 25°C or 50°C, respectively. Thus, based on this half-life value, it can be concluded that the test chemical is not hydrolysable in water.
Biodegradation in water
Experimental studies and predicted data of the test chemical and various supporting studies for its structurally similar read across substance were reviewed for the biodegradation in water end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study from peer reviewed journal (Elias Razo Flores et. al., 1996),biodegradation study was conducted for 150 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical. The study was performed under anaerobic conditions at a temperature of 30°C.The methanogenic granular sludge obtained from a full-scale upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB) treating a petrochemical wastewater containing benzoate and acetate as primary substrates was used as a test inoculum for the study. The sludge was elutriated to remove the fines and predigested at 30°C during a 30 days period in order to deplete all endogenous substrate in the sludge. The sludge contained 10.5% TSS and 8.5% VSS. Initial test substance conc. used in the study was 100 mg/l, respectively. 120 ml glass serum flask was used as a test vessel for the study. Basal medium was used as a test medium for the study, with the exception of NaHCO3 supplied at 5 g/l. Predigested granular sludge (1 g VSS/L) was transferred to serum flasks containing 24 mL of the basal medium and acetate from a neutralized stock to yield a final concentration of 50 mg of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L. The serum flasks were sealed with 12 mm thick butyl rubber stoppers and flushed with 70% N2-30% CO2 gas for 5 minutes and incubated overnight at 30°C to allow for biological consumption of residual O2. The desired amount of test chemical was then added to triplicate serum flasks using concentrated stock solutions. Later serum flasks were incubated with shaking (50 rpm) in a temperature controlled room at 30°C over a 150 day period. The methane composition in the headspace of each serum flask was monitored periodically during the assays. The serum flasks were shaken vigorously before gas measurements were taken. Methane production was calculated from the volume of the headspace and the methane composition in the gas. Net methane production was calculated by subtracting background methane production in the controls from that in the test vials. The corrected methane production (M) was expressed as a percentage of the theoretical methane production (TMP) expected from the test chemical mineralization. Sludge blank which contains no test chemical was setup to correct for background gas production from the sludge. Both Benzoate and phenol were used as reference compounds in the study. The concentrations of benzoate and phenol used were 250 mg/L. The benzoate was completely degraded in 20 days and the phenol in 45 days. ultimate conversion of the substrate COD to methane was equal to 85.5% ± 1.82 and 82.8% ± 2.32 for benzoate and phenol respectively. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 0% after 150 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be not biodegradable in water.
Another biodegradation study was conducted for 16 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (authoritative database HSDB and PubChem, 2017). The study was performed at a temperature of 30°C.Nocardia sp. (bacteria) was used as a test inoculums for the study. Initial test substance conc. used in the study was 250 mg/l (0.025%), respectively. Test chemical was not utilized as a carbon source by test inoculum which was measured by visible growth of the test inoculum. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 0% in 16 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be not biodegradable in water.
In a prediction using the Estimation Programs Interface Suite (2018), the biodegradation potential of the test chemical in the presence of mixed populations of environmental microorganisms was estimated. The biodegradability of the substance was calculated using seven different models such as Linear Model, Non-Linear Model, Ultimate Biodegradation Timeframe, Primary Biodegradation Timeframe, MITI Linear Model, MITI Non-Linear Model and Anaerobic Model (called as Biowin 1-7, respectively) of the BIOWIN v4.10 software. The results indicate that test chemical is expected to be not readily biodegradable.
For the test chemical, manometric respirometry test was carried out for a period of 28 days according to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 301 F: "Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test", adopted July 17, 1992 and the Commission Regulation 440/2008/EC, Method C.4-D of May 30, 2008: Manometric Respirometry Test (EEC Publication No. L 142/496, May 2008) for determining the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (Experimental study report, 2014). The biodegradation was followed by the oxygen uptake of the microorganisms during exposure with a test item loading rate of 102 mg/L corresponding to an oxygen demand of about 195 mg/L (ThODNH4) and 255 mg/L (ThODNO3). As a reference item sodium benzoate was tested simultaneously under the same conditions as the test item, and functioned as a procedure control. The reference item sodium benzoate was sufficiently degraded to 83% after 14 days and to 86% after 28 days of incubation, thus confirming the suitability of the aerobic activated sludge inoculum used. In the toxicity control containing both, the test item and the reference item sodium benzoate, 45% biodegradation was noted within 14 days and 56% biodegradation after 28 days of incubation. Thus, it can be assumed that the test item is not inhibitory to the aerobic activated sludge microorganisms. In the test flasks, containing the test item and activated sludge (inoculum), the mean biodegradation after 28 days of test item was 0% (ThODNO3); the 10 day window criterion was not passed. Therefore, the test item was considered to be not readily biodegradable.
On the basis of above overall results of test chemical, it can be concluded that the test chemical can be considered to be not biodegradable in water.
Biodegradation in water and sediment
Estimation Programs Interface (2018) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 15.6% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 37.5 days (900 hrs). The half-life (37.5 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 337.5 days (8100 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.139%), indicates that test chemical is not persistent in sediment.
Biodegradation in soil
The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (2018). If released into the environment, 84.2% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 75 days (1800 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.
On the basis of available information, the test chemicalcan be considered to be notbiodegradable in water.
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Various experimental studies and predicted data of the test chemical and supporting studies for its structurally similar read across substance were reviewed for the bioaccumulation end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study from authoritative database (HSDB and PubChem, 2017) for the test chemical,the bioaccumulation study was conducted for estimating the BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value was calculated using a logKow of 1.26 and a regression-derived equation. The estimated BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical was determined to be 3.6 dimensionless.
In a prediction done using the BCFBAF Program (v3.01) of Estimation Programs Interface (EPI Suite, 2018) was used to predict the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of test chemical. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of test chemical was estimated to be 3.15 L/kg whole body w.w (at 25 deg C).
In an another prediction done by using Bio-concentration Factor module (ACD (Advanced Chemistry Development)/I-Lab predictive module, 2017)), Bio-concentration Factor of the test chemical was estimated to be 1, 1.05, 3.65, 4.85, 4.95, 4.35, 1.95 and 1 at pH range 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8-14, respectively.
Another bioaccumulation test was conducted for 8 weeks for determination the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of test chemical on test organism Cyprinus carpio (J-CHECK and HSDB, 2018). Nominal concentrations used in the study are 1st Concentration area: 1 mg/L, 2nd Concentration area: 0.1 mg/L and Range finding study was carried out on Rice fish (Oryzias latipes) TLm(48h) 100 ppm(w/v). Thus the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for test chemical was determined according to static fish test. The BCF value was observed to be 4 L/kg at dose concentration 1 mg/L and 40 L/kg at dose concentration 0.1 mg/L on test organism Cyprinus carpio during 6 weeks period.
For the test chemical, the bioaccumulation study was conducted for estimating the BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical (authoritative database, 2017). The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value was calculated using a logKow of 0.88 and a regression-derived equation. The estimated BCF (bioaccumulation factor) value of test chemical was determined to be 3 dimensionless.
On the basis of above overall results for test chemical, it can be concluded that the BCF value of test chemical was evaluated to be ranges from 1 to 5, respectively, which does not exceed the bioconcentration threshold of 2000, indicating that the test chemical is not expected to bioaccumulate in the food chain.
Adsorption / desorption
Various experimental studies and predicted data of the test chemical and supporting studies for its structurally similar read across substance were reviewed for the adsorption end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study from authoritative database (HSDB and PubChem, 2017) for the test chemical,adsorption study was conducted for estimating the adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical. The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value was calculated using a logKow of 1.26 and a regression derived equation. The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical was estimated to be 120 (Log Koc = 2.079).
In a prediction done using the KOCWIN Program of Estimation Programs Interface (2018) was used to predict the soil adsorption coefficient i.e Koc value of test chemical. The soil adsorption coefficient i.e Koc value of test chemical was estimated to be 142.9 L/kg (log Koc=2.1552) by means of MCI method (at 25 deg C).
The Soil Adsorption Coefficient i.e Koc value of test chemical was estimated using Adsorption Coefficient module program as Koc 1, 3.14, 23.0, 79.9, 106, 108, 95.3, 42.6, 6.59 and 1 at pH range 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9-14, respectively ((logKoc ranges from 0 to 2.0 ± 1.0) (ACD (Advanced Chemistry Development)/I-Lab predictive module, 2017)).
In a supporting study from authoritative database (2018),the Koc value for test chemical was estimated by using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices. The estimated Koc value was 90 dimensionless and log Koc is 1.9542.
For the test chemical, adsorption study was conducted for estimating the adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical (HSDB, 2018). The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value was calculated using a logKow of 0.88 and a regression derived equation. The adsorption coefficient (Koc) value of test chemical was estimated to be 72 (Log Koc = 1.857).
On the basis of above overall results for test chemical (from authoritative and modelling database,2017), it can be concluded that the logKoc value of test chemical ranges from1.6 ± 1.0 –2.1552, respectively, indicating that the test chemical has a low to moderate sorption to soil and sediment and therefore have moderate to slow migration potential to ground water.
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