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EC number: 930-930-0 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Key study: OECD Guideline 404. GLP study. The test item was determined to be not irritating to the skin. No irritation was notes on any of the test sites during any of the scoring intervals (erythema and edema scores of 0). All the animals remained healthy throughout the study.
Key study: OECD Guideline 405. GLP study. The substance was determined to cause serious eye damage since opacity was not fully reversible in 2 from 9 rabbits within 22 days of observation.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 14 December 1988 - 18 December 1988
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 404 (Acute Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Hazleton Research Animals, Inc., Denver, Pennsylvania.
- Age at study initiation: Young adult
- Weight at study initiation: 2.64 kg to 2.97 kg
- Housing: Individually in stainless steel cages.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-23.3
- Humidity (%): 34-47
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Preparation of test site:
- clipped
- Vehicle:
- physiological saline
- Controls:
- not specified
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0.5 g
VEHICLE
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): Saline (just for moisturising) - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 hours
- Observation period:
- 72 hours
- Number of animals:
- 6
- Details on study design:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: Trunk (from the scapular to the pelvic region).
- % coverage: 100
- Type of wrap if used: Cheesecloth bandage
0.5 g test item was applied to 2 x 2 gauze pad and moistened with physiological saline. The gauze pad was secured to each test site with hypoallergenic tape. The entire trunk was wrapped with a semi-occlusive cheesecloth bandage. The animals were fitted with plastic collars to prevent disturbance of the test sites.
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): Yes, with clean gauze moistened with methanol, then rinsed with tap water.
- Time after start of exposure: 4 hours
OBSERVATION TIME POINTS
30 min after unwrapping, at 24, 48 and 72 hours.
SCORING SYSTEM:
- Method of calculation: Draize method. - Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- No irritation was noted on any of the test sites during any of the scoring intervals.
- Other effects:
- All the animals remained healthy throughout the study.
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The test item was determined to be not irritating to the skin.
- Executive summary:
An in-vivo skin irritation/corrosion test was performed according to the OECD Guideline 404 (GLP study). Three male and three female New Zealand White rabbits were treated topically on each of two test sites which were previously clipped free of hair. 0.5 g of test item was place in contact with eact test site. The test sites were covered with gauze patches and the trunk of each animal was wrapped with a sheet of cheesecloth. The test material was in contact with the skin for 4 hours, after which the animals were unwrapped and the test item removed. The test sites were scored for irritating using the method of Draize at 30 minutes after unwrapping, at 24, 48 and 72 hours. No irritation was notes on any of the test sites during any of the scoring intervals (erythema and edema scores of 0). All the animals remained healthy throughout the study. Based on these results, the test item was determined to be not irritating to the skin.
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 14 December 1988 - 06 January 1989
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 9 animals were used. The eye of 6 rabbits remained unwashed and the eye of 3 were washed 20-30 seconds after treatment.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Hazleton Research Animals, Inc., Denver, Pennsylvania (USA).
- Age at study initiation: Young adults
- Weight at study initiation: 2.48 to 3.82 kg
- Housing: Individually in stainless steel cages.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-23.3
- Humidity (%):32-56
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 0.1 g
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 1 second
- Observation period (in vivo):
- 22 days
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 9 (3 male and 6 female)
- Details on study design:
- REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
The eyes of six of the rabbits remained unwashed and the eyes of three of the rabbits were gently washed with 100 mL of tap water 20-30 seconds after treatment.
SCORING SYSTEM: Draize method.
The eyes were scored at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours and on days 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22.
After the 24 hour examination with a penlight type light, the eyes were examined with the aid of 2% sodium fluorescein dye. Test eyes which retained fluorescein at 24 hours were examined with dye at subsequent assessment times until corneal irritation was no longer observed or dye was no longer retained.
TOOL USED TO ASSESS SCORE: fluorescein - Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 22d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 4d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1.33
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 22d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 4d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 4d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal: #7
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal: #8
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- animal: #9
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 16d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.67
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal: #7
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal: #8
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- iris score
- Basis:
- animal: #9
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 16d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.67
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 16d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 10d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.33
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 16d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 3
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 10d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal: #7
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1.33
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 72h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal: #8
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- animal: #9
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1.33
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 72h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #1
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1.67
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #2
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #3
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.67
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #4
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.33
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 4d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #5
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 2.33
- Max. score:
- 3
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal #6
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 1.33
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 13d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unwashed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal: #7
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.67
- Max. score:
- 2
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal: #8
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0
- Max. score:
- 0
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- animal: #9
- Time point:
- 24/48/72 h
- Score:
- 0.33
- Max. score:
- 1
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 48h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Washed eye
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- One hour post-dosing slight corneal opacities, iritis and moderate to severe conjunctivitis was noted in unwashed eyes; washed eyes had mild conjunctivitis. Irritation worsened, after 1 hour scoring and unwashed eyes developed pannus, hemorrhagic conjunctivae, vascularization, blanched areas on the cornea and bulging of the cornea. Washed eyes recovered within 72 hours, however severe irritation persisted in two of the unwashed eyes through study day 22.
- Other effects:
- All animals remained healthy throughout the study.
- Interpretation of results:
- Category 1 (irreversible effects on the eye) based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- The substance was determined to cause serious eye damage.
- Executive summary:
An in-vivo eye irritation/corrosion was performed according to the OECD Guideline 405 (GLP study). Test item was installed into the test eyes of nine New Zealand White rabbits at a dose of 0.1 g. The eyes of six rabbits remained unwashed while the eyes of three rabbits were gently washed with 100 mL of tap water approximately 20 -30 seconds after treatment. Eyes were assessed for irritation using the method of Draize at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours and at days 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22. One hour post-dosing slight corneal opacities, iritis and moderate to severe conjunctivitis was noted in unwashed eyes; washed eyes had mild conjunctivitis. Irritation worsened, after 1 hour scoring and unwashed eyes developed pannus, hemorrhagic conjunctivae, vascularization, blanched areas on the cornea and bulging of the cornea. The mean 24 -72 scores for cornea were 1, 1 1.33, 1, 1, 1 (unwashed), 0.33, 0, 0.33 (washed); for iritis 0.33, 0.33, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.67 (unwashed), 0, 0, 0 (washed); for conjunctivae redness 2, 2, 2.67, 2, 2.33, 3 (unwashed), 0.67, 0, 0.33 (washed) and for chemosis 1.67, 1, 2.67, 2.33, 2.33, 1.33 (unwashed), 0.67, 0, 0.67 (washed). Washed eyes recovered within 72 hours, however severe irritation persisted in two of the unwashed eyes through study day 22. Based on these results, the substance was determined to cause serious eye damage.
Reference
Scores (mean 24 -72h):
Animal |
Opacity |
Iritis |
Conjunctivae |
||
Redness |
Chemosis |
Discharge |
|||
1M |
1 |
0.33 |
2 |
1.67 |
3 |
2M |
1 |
0.33 |
2 |
1 |
2.67 |
3M |
1.33 |
0 |
2.67 |
2.67 |
3 |
4F |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2.33 |
3 |
5F |
1 |
0 |
2.33 |
2.33 |
2.67 |
6F |
1 |
0.67 |
3 |
1.33 |
2.67 |
7F (w) |
0.33 |
0 |
1.33 |
0.67 |
1 |
8F (w) |
0 |
0 |
0.33 |
0 |
0 |
9F (w) |
0.33 |
0 |
1.33 |
0.33 |
1 |
Washed eyes recovered within 72 hours.
Severe irritation persisted in two of the unwashed eyes through study day 22.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irreversible damage)
Additional information
Eye irritation: An in-vivo eye irritation/corrosion was performed according to the OECD Guideline 405 (GLP study). Test item was installed into the test eyes of nine New Zealand White rabbits at a dose of 0.1 g. The eyes of six rabbits remained unwashed while the eyes of three rabbits were gently washed with 100 mL of tap water approximately 20 -30 seconds after treatment. One hour post-dosing slight corneal opacities, iritis and moderate to severe conjunctivitis was noted in unwashed eyes; washed eyes had mild conjunctivitis. Irritation worsened, after 1 hour scoring and unwashed eyes developed pannus, hemorrhagic conjunctivae, vascularization, blanched areas on the cornea and bulging of the cornea. The mean 24 -72 scores for cornea were 1, 1 1.33, 1, 1, 1 (unwashed), 0.33, 0, 0.33 (washed); for iritis 0.33, 0.33, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.67 (unwashed), 0, 0, 0 (washed); for conjunctivae redness 2, 2, 2.67, 2, 2.33, 3 (unwashed), 0.67, 0, 0.33 (washed) and for chemosis 1.67, 1, 2.67, 2.33, 2.33, 1.33 (unwashed), 0.67, 0, 0.67 (washed). Washed eyes recovered within 72 hours, however severe irritation persisted in two of the unwashed eyes through study day 22. Although the corneal opacity was < 3 and iritis < 1.5, since in at least one animal effects on the cornea did not reverse or have not fully reversed within an observation period of 22 days, the substance is determined to cause serious eye damage.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Skin irritation: Based on the available information (erythema and edema scores of 0), the substance is not classified for skin irritation according to the CLP Regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008.
Eye irritation: Based on the available information (corneal opacity not fully reversible within 22 days), the substance is classified for eye damage category 1 (H318) according to the CLP Regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.