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EC number: 219-673-9 | CAS number: 2495-35-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- The study was conducted on 12 April 2017
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study is considered to be reliability 1 as it has been conducted according to OECD Test Guideline 437 using the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay method and in compliance with GLP.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 017
- Report date:
- 2017
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 437 (Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage)
- Version / remarks:
- 26 July 2013
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzyl acrylate
- EC Number:
- 219-673-9
- EC Name:
- Benzyl acrylate
- Cas Number:
- 2495-35-4
- Molecular formula:
- C10H10O2
- IUPAC Name:
- benzyl acrylate
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Identification: BZA
Chemical Name: Benzyl acrylate
CAS No.: 2495-35-4
Batch: 1B182601
Purity: 99.86%
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Expiry Date: 06 March 2018
Storage Conditions: At room temperature, under protection of sunlight
Stability in Solvent: Not indicated by the Sponsor
Purpose of Use: Industrial chemical
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- other: Eyes from adult cattle
- Strain:
- other: Not applicable
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- Collection of Bovine Eyes Freshly isolated bovine eyes of at least 9 month old donor cattle were collected from the abattoir. Excess tissue was removed from the excised eyes. The isolated eyes were stored in HBSS containing 1% (v/v) Penicillin/Streptomycin (100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin) in the cooled slaughter-house until transportation on the same morning to the laboratory using a Styrofoam box. The corneae were isolated on the same day after delivery of the eyes.
Test system
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent positive control
- yes, concurrent negative control
- Amount / concentration applied:
- 0.75 mL of the test item or control items were applied to the cornea.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 minutes
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- 120 Minutes
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 3 corneas per treatment
- Details on study design:
- Experimental Design and Study Conduct
Preparation of Corneae
All eyes were carefully examined macroscopically for defects. Those presenting defects such as vascularization, pigmentation, opacity and scratches were discarded. The cornea was carefully removed from the eye using scalpel and rounded scissors. A rim of about 2 mm of tissue (sclera) was left for stability and handling of the isolated cornea.
Each isolated cornea was mounted in a specially designed cornea holder according to the description given in OECD guideline 437, which consists of anterior and posterior compartments, which interface with the epithelial and endothelial sides of the cornea, respectively. The endothelial side of the cornea was positioned against the sealing ring (Oring) of the posterior part of the holder. The cornea was gently flattened over the O-ring but stretching was avoided. The anterior part of the holder was positioned on top of the cornea and fixed in place with screws. Both compartments of the holder were filled with incubation medium. The posterior compartment was filled first to return the cornea to its natural convex position. Care was taken to assure no air bubbles were present within the compartments.
For equilibration, the corneae in the holder were incubated in a vertical position for about one hour at 32 ± 1 °C in a water-bath.
At the end of the incubation period, the basal opacity was determined (t0).
The basal opacity of all corneae was recorded. Each cornea with a value of the basal opacity > 7 was discarded. Sets of three corneae were used for treatment with the test item and the negative and positive controls.
Exposure of the Corneae to the Test Groups
The corneae were distributed as follows:
Groups Number of Corneae
1 Negative Control 3
2 Positive Control 3
3 Test Item 3
The anterior compartment received the test item or negative or positive control at a volume of 0.75 mL on the surface of the corneae. The corneae were incubated in a horizontal position at 32 ± 1 °C in the water-bath. The incubation time lasted ten minutes. After the test item or control items, respectively, were rinsed off from the application side with saline, fresh cMEM was added into the anterior compartment. Then the corneae were incubated at 32 ± 1 °C for further two hours in a vertical position, followed by a second opacity reading (t130). The opacity measurement is described below.
In the second step of the assay, permeability of the corneae was determined. The permeability measurement is described below.
Opacity Measurement
The opacitometer determines changes in the light transmission passing through the corneae, and displays a numerical opacity value. This value was recorded in a table. The opacitometer OP_KiT opacitometer (Electro Design, 63-Riom France) was calibrated as described in the manual and the opacity of each of the corneae was determined by reading each holder placed in the photoreceptor compartment for treated cornea. After exposure of the corneae to the test groups, after rinsing and further incubation of the corneae for two hours, the opacity value was determined again (t130).
Permeability Determination
Following the opacity readings, the permeability endpoint was measured as an indication of the integrity of the epithelial cell sheets. After the final opacity measurement was performed, the complete medium was removed from the anterior compartment and replaced by 1 mL of a 0.4% (w/v) sodium fluorescein solution in HBSS. Corneae were incubated again in a horizontal position for 90 minutes in a water-bath at 32 ± 1 °C. Complete medium from the posterior compartment was removed, well mixed and transferred into a 96 well plate and the optical density at 490 nm (OD490) was determined with a spectrophotometer. The optical density was measured with a microplate reader (Versamax® Molecular Devices) at 490 nm (OD490). The absorbance values were determined using the software SoftMax Pro Enterprise (version 4.7.1).
Data Recording
The data generated were recorded in the raw data file. The results are presented in tabular form, including experimental groups with the test item, negative, and positive controls.
Data Evaluation
Opacity The change of opacity value of each treated cornea or positive and negative control corneae is calculated by subtracting the initial basal opacity from the post treatment opacity reading (t130 – t0). The average change in opacity of the negative control corneae is calculated and this value is subtracted from the change in opacity of each treated cornea or positive control to obtain a corrected opacity.
Permeability
The corrected OD490 value of each cornea treated with positive control and test item is calculated by subtracting the average negative control cornea value from the original permeability value for each cornea
IVIS Calculation
The following formula is used to determine the IVIS of the negative control:
IVIS = opacity value + (15 x OD490 value)
The following formula is used to determine the IVIS of the positive control and the test item:
IVIS = (opacity value – opacity value mean negative control) + (15 x corrected OD490 value)
The mean IVIS value of each treated group is calculated from the IVIS values.
Depending on the score obtained, the test item is classified into the following category according to OECD guideline 437:
IVIS UN GHS
≤ 3 No Category
> 3; ≤ 55 No prediction can be made
> 55 Category 1
Criteria for Determination of a Valid Test
The test will be acceptable if
• the positive control gives an IVIS that falls within two standard deviations of the current historical mean (updated every three months), and if
• the negative control responses result in opacity and permeability values that are less than the established upper limits for background opacity and permeability values for bovine corneae treated with the respective negative control.
Results and discussion
In vitro
Results
- Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Value:
- > 1.56 - < 2.69
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- 1.23
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- 76.41
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results after 10 Minutes Incubation Time
Test Group |
Opacity value = Difference (t130-t0) of Opacity |
Permeability at 490 nm (OD490) |
IVIS |
Mean IVIS |
Proposedin vitroIrritancy Score |
||
|
|
Mean |
|
Mean |
|
|
|
Negative Control |
0 |
0 |
0.078 |
0.082 |
1.17 |
1.23 |
Not categorized |
0 |
0.082 |
1.23 |
|||||
0 |
0.085 |
1.28 |
|||||
Positive Control |
65.00* |
0.794* |
76.92 |
76.41 |
Category 1 |
||
70.00* |
0.696* |
80.45 |
|||||
62.00* |
0.658* |
71.88 |
|||||
Benayl Acrylate (BZA) |
2.00* |
-0.030* |
1.56 |
2.14 |
Not categorized |
||
2.00* |
-0.011* |
2.17 |
|||||
3.00* |
-0.021* |
2.69 |
* corrected values
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- other: Non-irritating, not requiring classification
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU CLP and UN GHS.
- Conclusions:
- In conclusion, according to the current study and under the experimental conditions reported, BZA is not categorized (GHS).
- Executive summary:
This in vitro study was performed to assess the corneal damage potential of BZA by means of the BCOP assay using fresh bovine corneae.
After a first opacity measurement of the fresh bovine corneae (t0), the neat test item, the positive, and the negative controls were applied to corneae fixed in an incubation chamber in horizontal position for 10 minutes at 32 ± 1 °C. The posterior chamber contained incubation medium. After the incubation phase the test item, the positive, and the negative controls were each rinsed from the corneae. Further, the corneae were incubated for another 120 minutes at 32 ± 1 °C in a vertical position, while the anterior chamber contain incubation medium as well. Afterwards, opacity was measured a second time (t130).
After the opacity measurements permeability of the corneae was determined by measuring spectrophotometrically the transfer of sodium fluorescein after incubation in a horizontal position for 90 minutes at 32 ± 1 °C.
With the negative control (0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution in deionised water) neither an increase of opacity nor permeability of the corneae could be observed.
The positive control (2-Ethoxyethanol) showed clear opacity and distinctive permeability of the corneae corresponding to a classification as serious eye damaging (CLP/EPA/GHS (Cat 1)).
Relative to the negative control, the test item BZA did not cause a relevant increase of the corneal opacity or permeability. The calculated mean in vitro irritancy score was 2.14. According to OECD 437 (see table in chapter 3.8.3) the test item is not categorized (GHS).
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