Strontium oxide

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The references contained in this summary entry represent investigations on the bioaccumulation of strontium in freshwater algae. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Stanek et al. (1990):
The study describes the 90Sr transfer from water into the particular compartments of simplified experimental aquatic system - the sediments, algae, invertebrate (gastropods) and fishes - based on a model experiment simulating conditions of the release of liquid nuclear waste to a river.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Stanek et al. (1990):
Samples have been taken in gradually prolongating intervals of water (20 mL) and of other materials (30 g or 1 fish). Samples of compact materials were dried at 105°C, the tissues of gastropods were seperated in shell and soft tissue, fish sampels were bones, scales and musculature.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Stanek et al. (1990): river water in a 500 L circular fibre-glass tank and stocked with sediment. On the second day the radiostrontium was added.

Test organisms (species):

other: different algae

Details on test organisms:

Stanek et al. (1990): Cladophora glomerata; total amount added: 12.5 kg

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Stanek et al. (1990): static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Details on test conditions:

Total exposure/uptake duration:
Stanek et al. (1990): 22 days

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Stanek et al. (1990): measured data: yes; 191.5 Bq/L

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Stanek et al. (1990): BCF = AC = ae/a0

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Stanek et al. (1990):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	115	Whole body; total mass	0.7 d

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation. However, steady-state conditions may not be met.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The reference contained in this summary entry represents an investigation on the bioaccumulation of strontium in saltwater algae. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Several marine organisms were collected and the 85Sr concentration was measured by AAS after ashing the samples.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Ueda et al. (1973): Marine organisms, 241 samples of 63 species, were collected from the coastal sea of Japan. All samples were ignited at 550℃ in an electric muffle furnace. The chemical analysis of stable Sr was performed on the ashed sample.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Ueda et al. (1973): not applicable

Test organisms (species):

other: see below

Details on test organisms:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Algae: Ulva pertusa; Sargassum fulvellum; Undaria finnatifida; Eisenia bicyclis; Ecklonia cava; Gelidium amansii; Porphyra tenera; Porphyra pseudolinearis; Bangia gloiopeltidicota

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Ueda et al. (1973): field study;

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Ueda et al. (1973): no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Ueda et al. (1973): no; default concentration 8mg of Sr per liter of sea water was used.

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Concentration factor (CF; Sr organlsm/Sr seawater)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Ueda et al. (1973):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value	Basis	Remarks
8 mg/L	BCF	2	Whole body	Ulva pertusa
8 mg/L	BCF	31	Whole body	Sargassum fulvellum
8 mg/L	BCF	18	Whole body	Undaria finnatifida
8 mg/L	BCF	25	Whole body	Eisenia bicyclis
8 mg/L	BCF	22	Whole body	Ecklonia cava
8 mg/L	BCF	5	Whole body	Gelidium amansii
8 mg/L	BCF	0.3	Whole body	Porphyra tenera
8 mg/L	BCF	1	Whole body	Porphyra pseudolinearis
8 mg/L	BCF	1	Whole body	Bangia gloiopeltidicota

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The reference contained in this summary entry represents an investigation on the bioaccumulation of strontium in saltwater crustacean species. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Several marine organisms were collected and the 85Sr concentration was measured by AAS after ashing the samples.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Ueda et al. (1973): Marine organisms, 241 samples of 63 species, were collected from the coastal sea of Japan. All samples were ignited at 550℃ in an electric muffle furnace. The chemical analysis of stable Sr was performed on the ashed sample.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Ueda et al. (1973): not applicable

Test organisms (species):

other: different crustacea

Details on test organisms:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Crustacea: Paralithodes camtschatica; Acanthodes armatus; Ovalipes punctatus; Portunus trituberculatus; Erimacrus isenhechii; Macrocheira Kaempferi; Hemigrapsus sanquineus; Penaeus orientalis; Panulirus japonicus; Penaeus japonicus; Sergestes lucens; Mitella mitella; Chthamalus challengeri; Ligia exotica; Squilla oratoria

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Ueda et al. (1973): field study;

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Ueda et al. (1973): no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Ueda et al. (1973): no; default concentration 8mg of Sr per liter of sea water was used.

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Concentration factor (CF; Sr organlsm/Sr seawater)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The reference contained in this summary entry represents an investigation on the bioaccumulation of strontium in different saltwater echniodermata and coelenterata. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Several marine organisms were collected and the 85Sr concentration was measured by AAS after ashing the samples.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Ueda et al. (1973): Marine organisms, 241 samples of 63 species, were collected from the coastal sea of Japan. All samples were ignited at 550℃ in an electric muffle furnace. The chemical analysis of stable Sr was performed on the ashed sample.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Ueda et al. (1973): not applicable

Test organisms (species):

other: different echniodermata and coelenterata

Details on test organisms:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Echniodermata: Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus; Anthocidaris Crassispina; Coscinasterias acutispina; Asterina pectinifera
Coelenterata: Aurellia aurita; Actinia eqina

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Ueda et al. (1973): field study;

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Ueda et al. (1973): no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Ueda et al. (1973): no; default concentration 8mg of Sr per liter of sea water was used.

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Concentration factor (CF; Sr organlsm/Sr seawater)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below

Ueda et al. (1973):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
Echniodermata
8 mg/L	BCF	106	Whole body	Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus
8 mg/L	BCF	76	Whole body	Anthocidaris crassispina
8 mg/L	BCF	30	Whole body	Coscinasterias acutispina
8 mg/L	BCF	103	Whole body	Asterina pectinifera
Coelenterata
8 mg/L	BCF	0.7	Whole body	Aurellia aurita
8 mg/L	BCF	0.7	Whole body	Actinia eqina

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAFs in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The references contained in this summary entry represent investigations on the bioaccumulation of strontium in a freshwater fish. The studies were not conducted according to any guideline but meet basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992):
The Strontium concentration was determined in bluegills of two different sources and in the respective river waters of the Merced River and the Salt Rough.
Stanek et al. (1990):
The study describes the 90Sr transfer from water into the particular compartments of simplified experimental aquatic system - the sediments, algae, invertebrate (gastropods) and fishes - based on a model experiment simulating conditions of the release of liquid nuclear waste to a river.
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001):
The aim of the study was to examine the linkage between strontium in freshwater and accumulation in different fish species.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992):
Duplicate water quality measurements were taken at three equal intervals across both channels. Composite samples of filtered and unfiltered water were collected and either acidified and frozen or refrigerated. Ten composite carcass and 10 composite gonad samples each from the Merced River and the Salt Slough were analysed. Each composite sample consisted of carcass or gonad samples either from 2 female bluegills or 3 male bluegills.
Stanek et al. (1990):
Samples have been taken in gradually prolongating intervals of water (20 mL) and of other materials (30 g or 1 fish). Samples of compact materials were dried at 105°C, the tissues of gastropods were seperated in shell and soft tissue, fish sampels were bones, scales and musculature.
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001):
Samples were collected during and shortly after autumn overturn in the Kola region (460 lakes were studied).Water samples were collected at each lake's major outlet. Three fish species were collected from 37 sites and caught with standard gillnets (10-45 mm). Sample size varied but were typically >100.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992): not applicable; field study
Stanek et al. (1990): river water in a 500 L circular fibre-glass tank and stocked with sediment. On the second day the radiostrontium was added.
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001): not applicable; field study

Test organisms (species):

other: differnet fish species

Details on test organisms:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992):
Lepomis macrochirus
Stanek et al. (1990):
Cyprinus carpio; 25 individuals, age 1+, mean weight 0.1 kg
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001):
Coregonus lavaretus L.; common age group (5-6 yrs); not spawning
Salmo trutta; common age group (5-6 yrs); not spawning
Salvelinus alpinus; common age group (5-6 yrs); not spawning

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Nakamoto and Hassler (1992); Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001): field study; Stanek et al. (1990): static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Details on test conditions:

Total exposure/uptake duration:
Nakamoto and Hassler (1992): March to June 1988
Stanek et al. (1990): 22 days
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001): not stated (field study); research was carried out during the period 1995-1997

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992): measured data: yes; Merced River: 0.138 µg Sr/mL (filtered), 0.138 µg Sr/mL (unfiltered); Salt Rough: 1.106 µg Sr/mL (filtered), 1.143 µg Sr/mL (unfiltered)
Stanek et al. (1990): measured data: yes; 191.5 Bq/L
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001): measured data: yes; Zone V: 0.066 (0.05- 0.22) µg/mL; Zone VI: 0.016 (0.004-0.05) µg/mL; Zone III: 0.009 (0.005-0.026) µg/mL

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992): BCF = (µg/g wwt bluegill tissue)/(µg/mL unfiltered water)
Stanek et al. (1990): BCF = AC = ae/a0
Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001): BAF = (Accumulation of Sr (µg/g dwt) in fish organs and tissues)/(concentration Sr (µg/L) in surface water)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Reported statistics:

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992): Concentrations in tissues were log transformed. Analysis of variance, t-tests, and Spearman's Rank Correlation tests were used (p≤0.05).

Nakamoto and Hassler (1992):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
0.138 µg/mL	BCF	342.7	Carcass	Source: Merced River; female bluegill
0.138 µg/mL	BCF	92.0	Carcass	Source: Merced River; male bluegill
0.138 µg/mL	BCF	11.9	Gonad	Source: Merced River; female bluegill
0.138 µg/mL	BCF	7.5	Gonad	Source: Merced River; male bluegill
1.106 µg/mL	BCF	60.6	Carcass	Source: Salt Slough; female bluegill
1.106 µg/mL	BCF	40.3	Carcass	Source: Salt Slough; male bluegill
1.106 µg/mL	BCF	1.5	Gonad	Source: Salt Slough; female bluegill
1.106 µg/mL	BCF	1.4	Gonad	Source: Salt Slough; male bluegill

Stanek et al. (1990):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	152	Bones	33 d
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	68	Scales	34 d
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	3	musculature	41 d

Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001):

Coregonus lavaretus L. (White fish)

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	48.5	Liver	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	1075.8	Kidneys	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	63.6	Muscles	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	7197.0	Skeleton	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	2272.7	Gills	Zone V
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	74.4	Liver	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	400.0	Kidneys	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	91.9	Muscles	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	7812.5	Skeleton	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	1875.0	Gills	Zone VI

 

Salmo trutta (brown trout)

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	7.6	Muscles	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	2272.7	Skeleton	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	1136.4	Gills	Zone V
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	21.3	Liver	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	274.4	Kidneys	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	53.1	Muscles	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	10687.5	Skeleton	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	6750.0	Gills	Zone VI
0.009 µg/mL	BAF	388.9	Muscles	Zone III
0.009 µg/mL	BAF	14111.1	Skeleton	Zone III
0.009 µg/mL	BAF	11888.9	Gills	Zone III

 

Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic char)

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	57.6	Liver	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	306.1	Kidneys	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	81.8	Muscles	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	10454.5	Skeleton	Zone V
0.066 µg/mL	BAF	8787.9	Gills	Zone V
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	45.0	Liver	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	250.6	Kidneys	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	28.8	Muscles	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	8375.0	Skeleton	Zone VI
0.016 µg/mL	BAF	4300.0	Gills	Zone VI

Conclusions:

The studies are considered sufficient to use the derived BAFs in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation. However, steady-state conditions may not always be met.

Reference 6

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The reference contained in this summary entry represents an investigation on the bioaccumulation of strontium in saltwater fish. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Several marine organisms were collected and the 85Sr concentration was measured by AAS after ashing the samples.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Ueda et al. (1973): Marine organisms, 241 samples of 63 species, were collected from the coastal sea of Japan. All samples were ignited at 550℃ in an electric muffle furnace. The chemical analysis of stable Sr was performed on the ashed sample.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Ueda et al. (1973): not applicable

Test organisms (species):

other: different fish species

Details on test organisms:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Mugil cephalus; Lateotabrax japonicus; Gadus macrocephalus; Chrysophrys major; Mylio macrocephalus; Ditrema temmincki; Sebastolabus macrochir; Scomber japonicus; Limanda irrdorum; Argyrosomus argentatus; Trachurus japonicus; Paralichthyos livaceus; Sebastodes güntherii; Sebastodes schlegeli; Hexagrammos otakii; Seriola quinqueradiata; Konosirus punctatus.

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Ueda et al. (1973): field study;

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Ueda et al. (1973): no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Ueda et al. (1973): no; default concentration 8mg of Sr per liter of sea water was used.

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Ueda et al. (1973):
Concentration factor (CF; Sr organlsm/Sr seawater)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Ueda et al. (1973):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
8 mg/L	BCF	29	Fish bone	Mugil cephalus
8 mg/L	BCF	23	Fish bone	Lateotabrax japonicus
8 mg/L	BCF	34	Fish bone	Gadus macrocephalus
8 mg/L	BCF	34	Fish bone	Chrysophrys major
8 mg/L	BCF	37	Fish bone	Mylio macrocephalus
8 mg/L	BCF	31	Fish bone	Ditrema temmincki
8 mg/L	BCF	32	Fish bone	Sebastolabus macrochir
8 mg/L	BCF	31	Fish bone	Scomber japonicus
8 mg/L	BCF	32	Fish bone	Limanda irrdorum
8 mg/L	BCF	26	Fish bone	Argyrosomus argentatus
8 mg/L	BCF	23	Fish bone	Trachurus japonicus
8 mg/L	BCF	22	Fish bone	Paralichthyos livaceus
8 mg/L	BCF	18	Fish bone	Sebastodes güntherii
8 mg/L	BCF	22	Fish bone	Sebastodes schlegeli
8 mg/L	BCF	18	Fish bone	Hexagrammos otakii
8 mg/L	BCF	20	Fish bone	Seriola quinqueradiata
8 mg/L	BCF	10	Fish bone	Konosirus punctatus
8 mg/L	BCF	0.4	Fish flesh	Mugil cephalus
8 mg/L	BCF	0.2	Fish flesh	Lateotabrax japonicus
8 mg/L	BCF	0.3	Fish flesh	Mylio macrocephalus
8 mg/L	BCF	0.4	Fish flesh	Sebastodes güntherii
8 mg/L	BCF	0.2	Fish flesh	Chrysophrys major

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation.

Reference 7

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The references contained in this summary entry represent investigation son the bioaccumulation of strontium in saltwater molluscs. The studies were not conducted according to any guideline but meet basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Bologna (1984):
Aim of the study was to determine the concentration factors of 85Sr in two saltwater bivale molluscs under laboratory conditions.
Ueda et al. (1973):
Several marine organisms were collected and the 85Sr concentration was measured by AAS after ashing the samples.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Bologna (1984): Water samples (2 mL) and Molluscs samples (n=2-3) were collected and radioanalysed every 2-3 days simultanously.
Ueda et al. (1973): Marine organisms, 241 samples of 63 species, were collected from the coastal sea of Japan. All samples were ignited at 550℃ in an electric muffle furnace. The chemical analysis of stable Sr was performed on the ashed sample.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Bologna (1984): aqueous stock solution
Ueda et al. (1973): not applicable

Test organisms (species):

other: different mollusca

Details on test organisms:

Bologna (1984):
Mytilus galloprovincialis; marine mollusca; adults; Romanian Black Sea shore; collected 1982-1984 and cleaned.
Mya arenaris; marine mollusca; juveniles and adults; Romanian Black Sea shore; collected 1982-1984 and cleaned.
Ueda et al. (1973):
different mollusca: Crassostrea gigas; Miytilus edulis; Meretrix meretirix lamarckii; Tapes philippinarum; Cronia margariticola; Sulcus diversicolor aquatilis; Batillus cornutus; Nordotis discus; Liolophura japonica; Aplysfa kurodai; Siphonaria japonica; Sepia seculenta.

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Bologna (1984): static; Ueda et al. (1973): field study;

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: marine

Details on test conditions:

Total exposure/uptake duration:
Bologna (1984): Mytilus galloprovincialis: 20-105 days; Mya arenaris: 20-41 days.
Ueda et al. (1973): no data

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Bologna (1984): yes; individually for each test measured concentrations (arithmetic mean) in water and tissue.
Ueda et al. (1973): no; default concentration 8mg of Sr per liter of sea water was used.

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Bologna (1984):
Concentration factor (CF) is the ratio between disintegrations per minute per gramm shell or fresh weight and disintegrations per minute per milliliter water.
CF = (dpm/g shell or fresh weight)/(dpm/mL water)
Ueda et al. (1973):
Concentration factor (CF; Sr organlsm/Sr seawater)

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Bologna (1984):

Mya arenaria

Conc. in environment	Type	Value	Basis	Remarks
209 dpm/mL	BCF	3 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 20
80 dpm/mL	BCF	6 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 20
336 dpm/mL	BCF	11 L/kg	Syphon	Duration (days): 20
1150 dpm/mL	BCF	17 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 41
1150 dpm/mL	BCF	6 L/kg	Soft parts + syphon	Duration (days): 41
548 dpm/mL	BCF	3 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 20
604 dpm/mL	BCF	1 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 20
582 dpm/mL	BCF	2 L/kg	Syphon	Duration (days): 20
464 dpm/mL	BCF	6 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 41
451 dpm/mL	BCF	5 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 41
546 dpm/mL	BCF	6 L/kg	Syphon	Duration (days): 41

 

Mytilus galloprovincialis

Conc. in environment	Type	Value	Basis	Remarks
827 dpm/mL	BCF	9 L/kg	Whole body	Duration (days): 26
1976 dpm/mL	BCF	5 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 57
2260 dpm/mL	BCF	1 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 57
2215 dpm/mL	BCF	4 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 105
2115 dpm/mL	BCF	4 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 105
597 dpm/mL	BCF	2 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 20
573 dpm/mL	BCF	1 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 20
137 dpm/mL	BCF	11 L/kg	Shell	Duration (days): 45
176 dpm/mL	BCF	5 L/kg	Soft parts	Duration (days): 45

Ueda et al. (1973):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value	Basis	Remarks
8 mg/L	BCF	86 L/kg	Shell	Crassostrea gigas
8 mg/L	BCF	120 L/kg	Shell	Miytilus edulis
8 mg/L	BCF	154 L/kg	Shell	Meretrix meretirix lamarckii
8 mg/L	BCF	161 L/kg	Shell	Tapes philippinarum
8 mg/L	BCF	125 L/kg	Shell	Cronia margariticola
8 mg/L	BCF	158 L/kg	Shell	Sulcus diversicolor aquatilis
8 mg/L	BCF	146 L/kg	Shell	Batillus cornutus
8 mg/L	BCF	181 L/kg	Shell	Nordotis discus
8 mg/L	BCF	200 L/kg	Shell	Liolophura japonica
8 mg/L	BCF	2 L/kg	Whole body	Aplysfa kurodai
8 mg/L	BCF	61 L/kg	Shell	Siphonaria japonica
8 mg/L	BCF	196 L/kg	Shell	Sepia seculenta

Conclusions:

The studies are considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation. However, steady-state conditions may not always be met.

Reference 8

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

The reference contained in this summary entry represents an investigation on the bioaccumulation of strontium in freshwater molluscs. The study was not conducted according to any guideline but meets basic criteria for quality, reliability and adequacy of experimental data for the fulfilment of data requirements under REACH and hazard assessment purposes (ECHA guidance R4 in conjunction with regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annexes VII-X). Hence, this information contained therein is used in a weight-of-evidence approach.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Stanek et al. (1990):
The study describes the 90Sr transfer from water into the particular compartments of a simplified experimental aquatic system - the sediments, algae, invertebrate (gastropods) and fishes - based on a model experiment simulating conditions of the release of liquid nuclear waste to a river.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Stanek et al. (1990):
Samples have been taken in gradually prolongating intervals of water (20 mL) and of other materials (30 g or 1 fish). Samples of compact materials were dried at 105°C, the tissues of gastropods were seperated in shell and soft tissue, fish sampels were bones, scales and musculature.

Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:

Stanek et al. (1990): river water in a 500 L circular fibre-glass tank and stocked with sediment. On the second day the radiostrontium was added.

Test organisms (species):

other: see below

Details on test organisms:

Stanek et al. (1990): Planorbarius corneus (linnaeus, 1758); mean mass 0.2 kg

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

other: Stanek et al. (1990): static

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Details on test conditions:

Stanek et al. (1990): 22 days

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Stanek et al. (1990): measured data: yes; 191.5 Bq/L

Details on estimation of bioconcentration:

Stanek et al. (1990): BCF = AC = ae/a0

Remarks on result:

other: See Table below.

Stanek et al. (1990):

Conc. in environment	Type	Value [L/kg]	Basis	Remarks
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	369	Shells	8 d
191.5 Bq/L	BCF	143	Soft tissues	15 d

Conclusions:

The study is considered sufficient to use the derived BAF in a weight of evidence approach for the evaluation of strontium accumulation. However, steady-state conditions may not be met.

Description of key information

Several studies examined strontium bioaccumulation in freshwater and seawater species. Since strontium behaves very similar to calcium, strontium enriches in thebones or rather in hard tissues of organisms(ATSDR, Public Health Statement: Strontium; 2004). Respectively higher BCFs were determined in hard tissue offish and invertebratescompared to BCFs of soft tissues. However, BCFs of hard tissues of freshwater organisms are relatively low and even lower for saltwater species. Reported tissue BAF remain below 100. An inverse relationship between exposure concentration and BAF has been observed, i. e., decreasing BAFs with increasing Sr levels in the water column (Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva, 2001). The data indicate that Sr is homeostatically controlled by aquatic organisms. Limited data on the transfer of Sr up the aquatic food chain indicates that strontium does not biomagnify. Therefore, strontium has a low potential to bioconcentrate or bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.

Bioaccumulation fish:

Bioaccumulation in bones and flesh of seawater fish was studied by Ueda et al. (1973) in the field in 17 and 5 species ranging from 10 to 37 L/kg and 0.2 to 0.4 L/kg, respectively.

For freshwater fish, Stanek et al. (1990) reported in a laboratory study BCFs of 152 L/kg for fish bones, 68 L/kg for scales and 3 L/kg for muscle tissue of C. carpio. Nakamoto and Hassler investigated in a field study also the bioaccumulation in L. macochirus and reported BCF values ranging from 1.4 to 11.9 L/kg for fish gonades and 40.3 to 342.7 L/kg for fish carcass. Three fish species were investigated in the fieldby Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva (2001), i.e.in three different zoneswith different strontium levels. The BCF of liver ranged from 21.3 to 74.4 L/kg and of muscle from 7.6 to 91.9 L/kg whereas the concentration factor in skeleton and gills was higher ranging from 2273 to 14111 L/kg and from 1136 to 11889 L/kg, respectively. A decrease of the bioconcentration factor in all fish was observed with increasing strontium concentrations in water (Moiseenko and Kudryavtseva, 2001).

Bioaccumulation in molluscs:

Bologna (1984) investigated bioconcentration in two seawater species in the laboratory with a resulting BCF values of 2 to 17 L/kg for shells, 1 to 6 L/kg for soft parts and 2 to 11 L/kg for syphon.Ueda et al. (1973) also measured in field experiments bioconcentration factors ranging from 61 to 200 L/kg in 12 seawater mollusc species. In the laboratory, Stanek et al. (1990) measured in freshwater molluscsBCF values of 143 L/kg for soft tissue and 369 L/kg for shells, respectively.

Bioaccumulation in algae:

Ueda et al.(1973) studied 12 seawater algae species in the field and measured bioconcentration factors between 0.3 and 31 L/kg (whole body) whereas Stanek et al. (1990) measured a BCF of 115 L/kg in the laboratory in a freshwater species (C. glomerata).

Bioaccumulation in other species:

In addtition to fish, molluscs and algae, Ueda et al. (1973) investigated also the strontium levels in seawater Crustacea, Echniodermata and Coelenterata in a field study: The BCFs ranged: from 35 to 184 L/kg for 12crustaceanspecies, from 30 to 106 L/kgin 4 echniodermal species and amounts to0.7 L/kg in two Coelenterataspecies.