Lutetium oxide

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2016-08-31 to 2017-01-31

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2017

Report date:

2017

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 3

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Lutetium oxide

EC Number:

234-764-3

EC Name:

Lutetium oxide

Cas Number:

12032-20-1

Molecular formula:

Lu2O3

IUPAC Name:

Lutetium oxide

Test material form:

solid: particulate/powder

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): dilutetium trioxide
- Physical state/Appearance: white solid
- Further information confidential.

Specific details on test material used for the study:

TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Final dilution of a dissolved solid, stock liquid or gel: 100 mg/mL stock formulation was prepared in DMSO. Seven test concentrations were prepared by successive dilutions of the stock solution, to obtain lower doses. The maximum test concentration was 5000 μg test item/plate.
- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as solvent to prepare the stock solution of the test material. Test solutions were freshly prepared at the beginning of the experiments in the testing laboratory by diluting the stock solution using the selected solvent and were used within 4 hours after preparation.
- No correction factor for purity of the test item was applied.

FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material): formulation in dimethyl sulfoxide.

Method

Target gene:

histidine and tryptophan

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and E. coli WP2

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

cofactor-supplemented post-mitochondrial S9 fraction (rat liver)

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

100 mg/mL (5000 μg/plate), 31.62 mg/mL (1581 μg/plate), 10 mg/mL (500 μg/plate), 3.162 mg/mL (158.1 μg/plate), 1 mg/mL (50 μg/plate), 0.3162 mg/mL (15.81 μg/plate) and 0.1 mg/mL (5 μg/plate)

The selection of the doses was based on the results of a preliminary range finding study, in which doses of 10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000, 2500 and 5000 μg/plate were used. The observed number of revertant colonies was in the normal range. Minor differences compared to the solvent control numbers were observed. However, they had no biological relevance and were situated within the historical control range most probably reflecting the variability of the test system.
Slight precipitate was observed in both tester strains with and without metabolic activation at the concentrations of 5000 and 2500 μg/plate.
Inhibitory or toxic effects of the test item were not detected in the preliminary range finding test.
Based on the results of the range finding test and the solubility findings, the maximum final concentration to be tested in the main experiments was 5000 μg/plate.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The appropriate vehicle (solvent) and the behaviour of the test item formulations with the solution of top agar and phosphate buffer were examined in a preliminary compatibility test. The solubility of the test item was examined using distilled water, dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The formulation at 100 mg/mL concentration using distilled water as vehicle was a suspension with fast sedimentation. However, the formulations at the same concentration using DMSO or DMF were suspensions with slow sedimentation and were suitable for the test. Due to the better biocompatibility DMSO was selected as vehicle for the test with continuous stirring of the formulations. DMSO was used as solvent to prepare the stock solution of the test material.

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

Controls 3

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Controls 4

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

methylmethanesulfonate

Controls 5

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-aminoanthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

INITIAL MUTATION TEST
- Method of application: in agar (plate incorporation method)
- Bacteria (cultured in Nutrient Broth No.2) were exposed to the test item both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system.
- Molten top agar was prepared and kept at 45°C. 2 mL of top agar was aliquoted into individual test tubes (3 tubes per control or concentration level). The equivalent number of minimal glucose agar plates was properly labelled. The test item and other components were prepared freshly and added to the overlay (45°C).
The content of the tubes: top agar 2000 μL;vehicle or test item formulation (or reference controls) 50 μL; overnight culture of test strain 100 μL; phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) or S9 mix 500 μL.
This solution was mixed and poured on the surface of minimal agar plates. For activation studies, instead of phosphate buffer, 0.5 mL of the S9 mix was added to each overlay tube. The entire test consisted of non-activated and activated test conditions, with the addition of untreated, negative (vehicle/solvent) and positive controls. After preparation, the plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 ± 1 hours.

CONFIRMATORY MUTATION TEST (pre-incubation method)
- A pre-incubation procedure was performed as a Confirmatory Mutation Test since no positive effect was observed in the Initial Mutation Test.
- Bacteria (cultured in Nutrient Broth No.2) were exposed to the test item both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system. The equivalent number of minimal glucose agar plates was properly labelled. Molten top agar was prepared and kept at 45°C.
- Before the overlaying, the test item formulation (or vehicle/solvent or reference control), the bacterial culture and the S9 mix or phosphate buffer was added into appropriate tubes to provide direct contact between bacteria and the test item (in its vehicle/solvent). The tubes (3 tubes per control and 3 tubes for each concentration level) were gently mixed and incubated for 20 min at 37ºC in a shaking incubator. After the incubation period, 2 mL of molten top agar were added to the tubes, and then the content mixed and poured on the surface of minimal glucose agar plates. The entire test consisted of non-activated and activated test conditions, with the addition of untreated, negative and positive controls. After preparation, the plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 ± 1 hours.

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
- The colony numbers on the untreated / negative (solvent) / positive control and test item treated plates were determined by manual counting. Visual examination of the plates was also performed; precipitation or signs of growth inhibition (if any) were recorded and reported. The mean number of revertants per plate, the standard deviation and the mutation factor* values were calculated for each concentration level of the test item and for the controls using Microsoft Excel TM software.
* Mutation factor (MF): mean number of revertants on the test item plate / mean number of revertants on the vehicle control plate.

In the main tests each sample (including the controls) was tested in triplicate.

Evaluation criteria:

A test item was considered mutagenic if:
- a concentration-related increase in the number of revertants occurs and/or;
- a reproducible biologically relevant positive response for at least one of the dose groups occurs in a least one strain with or without metabolic activation.

An increase was considered biologically relevant if:
- the number of reversions is more than two times higher than the reversion rate of the negative (solvent) control in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA bacterial strains;
- the number of reversions is more than three times higher than the reversion rate of the negative (solvent) control in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and TA1537 bacterial strains.

Criteria for a Negative Response:
A test article was considered non-mutagenic if:
- the total number of revertants in tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 or Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA is not greater than two times the concurrent vehicle control, and the total number of revertants in tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 or TA1537 is not greater than three times the concurrent vehicle control;
- the negative response should be reproducible in at least one follow up experiment.

Statistics:

According to the guidelines, statistical method may be used as an aid in evaluating the test results. However, statistical significance should not be the only determining factor for a positive response.

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 3

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 4

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 5

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity, but tested up to precipitating concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

PRELIMINARY RANGE FINDING TEST (INFORMATORY TOXICITY TEST)
Preliminary Concentration Range Finding Test:
- In the Preliminary Range Finding Test, the plate incorporation method was used. The preliminary test was performed using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 tester strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system (± S9 Mix) with appropriate untreated, negative (solvent) and positive controls. Each sample (including the controls) was tested in triplicate.
- In the Range Finding Test the concentrations examined were: 5000, 2500, 1000, 316, 100, 31.6 and 10 μg/plate.
- The observed number of revertant colonies was in the normal range. Minor differences compared to the solvent control numbers were observed. However, they had no biological relevance and were situated within the historical control range most probably reflecting the variability of the test system.
- Slight precipitate was observed in both tester strains with and without metabolic activation at the concentrations of 5000 and 2500 μg/plate.
- Inhibitory or toxic effects of the test item were not detected in the Preliminary Range Finding Test.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- Slight precipitate was observed at 5000 μg/plate with and without metabolic activation in all tester strains in the Initial Mutation Test and Confirmatory Mutation Test.
- In the Initial Mutation Test (plate incorporation method), the highest revertant rate was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 bacterial strain with metabolic activation at the concentration of 5 μg/plate. The mutation factor value was 1.65. However, there was no dose-response relationship, the observed mutation factor values were below the biologically relevant threshold limit and the number of revertant colonies was within the historical control range.
- In the Confirmatory Mutation Test (pre-incubation method), the highest revertant rate was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 bacterial strain at 500 μg/plate concentration with metabolic activation. The calculated mutation factor value at this dose level was 2.00. However, there was no dose-response relationship, the number of revertant colonies did not show any biologically relevant increase compared to the solvent controls and the number of revertant colonies was within the historical control range.
Note: In the Confirmatory Mutation Test in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain at 1581 μg/plate concentration without metabolic activation, one of the plates was infected. In this case, the mutation factor value was calculated using the data of the two remaining replicates
- No signs of inhibitory, cytotoxic effect of the test item (such as reduced background lawn development and/or reduced number of revertant colonies) were observed in the Initial Mutation Test and the Confirmatory Mutation Test in the examined bacterial strains at any concentrations with or without metabolic activation.
- Slight decreases of the revertant counts were observed compared to the solvent control sporadically in the study. However, the mean number of revertant colonies was within the historical control range, thus they were considered as biological variability of the test system.
- Slight increases in the numbers of revertant colonies were detected compared to the solvent control during the study in several cases. However, the number of revertant colonies did not show any biologically relevant increase compared to the solvent controls and were within the historical control range. They were considered as reflecting the biological variability of the test.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Validity of the tests:

Untreated, negative (solvent) and positive controls were run concurrently. The mean values of revertant colony numbers of untreated, negative (solvent) and positive control plates were within the historical control range. At least five analysable concentrations were presented in all strains of the main tests. The selected dose range exhibited limited solubility as demonstrated by the preliminary range-finding test and extended to 5 mg/plate. No more than 5% of the plates were lost through contamination or some other unforeseen event.

The reference mutagens showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies. The viability of the bacterial cells was checked by a plating experiment in each test. The tests were considered to be valid.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

The reported data of the mutagenicity assay show that under the experimental conditions applied the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used. In conclusion, the test item lutetium oxide had no mutagenic activity in the applied bacterium tester strains under the test conditions used in this study.