2-chloro-4-nitrophenol

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Short term toxicity to fish:

The short term toxicity test was performed on northern squawfish for 24 hrs of test period. Fishes were taken from different sources and acclimatized 3 to 24 hrs and starved during acclimatization period. 3.5 ppm was the concentration of test chemical was used. pH, hardness, alkalinity was measured of source water. Loss of equilibrium time, and death time was measured. After 0-2 hrs loss of equilibrium was observed at the concentration of 3.5 mg/l and complete death occurred after the exposure of 2-4hours at the 3.5 mg/l. Thus it was concluded that the fishes loss equilibrium and died by test chemical after 2 and 4 hrs. Based on the loss of equilibrium and complete mortality of fish, the LOEC was 3.5 mg/l for 0-2hrs and the LC100 value for phenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) to northern squawfish was determine to be 3.5 mg/l concentration at the 2-4hrs. 

Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates:

Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the five closest read across substances, toxicity on Daphnia magna was predicted for 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). The EC50 value was estimated to be 144.95 mg/l when 2-chloro- 4-nitrophenol exposed to Daphnia magna for 48hrs.

Toxicity to aquatic algae:

Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the six closest read across substances, the toxicity on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum) was predicted for Target substance 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). EC50 value was estimated to be 188.292 mg/l for Species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata for 72 hrs duration when exposed to 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). Based on this value it can be concluded that the substance2-chloro-4-nitrophenolis considered as nontoxic to aquatic environment as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation. 

Toxicity to microorganisms:

Determination of toxicity of chemical on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.nov.Q67 by inhibiting the bioluminescence of microorganisms Vibrio qinghaiensis nov.Q67. Test was performed in 96 well microplate. In the stud 36 blank controls (use deionized water in place of the toxicant) for a toxicant were performed. Vibrio was very sensitive to the chemical and thus exposed for 20 min only. Based on the inhibition of Bioluminescence of Q67 due to the exposure of chemical 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol for 20 min, the EC50 was 292.891 mg/l (-log EC50 = 4.40 mol/l).

Additional information

Summarized result of toxicity of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) on the growth and other activity of aquatic invertebrates, algae and cyanobacteria by considering the data for target as well as RA chemical which was selected on the basis of structure similarity are as follows:

Short term toxicity to fish:

Based on the various experimental data for the target chemical study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) on the mortality of fishes. The studies are as mentioned below:

In the first experimental study for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) (from Bull.- For. Wild l. Range Exp. Sta.3:112 p., 1969), the short term toxicity test was performed on northern squawfish for 24 hrs of test period. Fishes were taken from different sources and acclimatized 3 to 24 hrs and starved during acclimatization period. 3.5 ppm was the concentration of test chemical was used. pH, hardness, alkalinity was measured of source water. Loss of equilibrium time, and death time was measured. After 0-2 hrs loss of equilibrium was observed at the concentration of 3.5 mg/l and complete death occurred after the exposure of 2-4hours at the 3.5 mg/l. Thus it was concluded that the fishes loss equilibrium and died by test chemical after 2 and 4 hrs. Based on the loss of equilibrium and complete mortality of fish, the LOEC was 3.5 mg/l for 0-2hrs and the LC100 value for phenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) to northern squawfish was determine to be 3.5 mg/l concentration at the 2-4hrs. 

Similarly in the second supporting study for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) (from Bull.- For. Wild l. Range Exp. Sta.3:112 p., 1969), toxicity was measured on the basis of loss of equilibrium and death. The short term toxicity test of phenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol was performed on Chinook salmon, coho salmon and steelhead for 24 hrs of test period.  Fishes were taken from different sources and acclimatized 3 to 24 hrs and starved during acclimatization period. 3.5 mg/l was the concentration of test chemical was used. pH, hardness, alkalinity was measured of source water. Loss of equilibrium time, and death time was measured. After 0-2 hrs no effect was observed on the loss of equilibrium at the concentration of 3.5 mg/l and complete death occurred after the exposure of 0-2hours at the 3.5 mg/l. Based on the complete mortality of fishes, due to the exposure of phenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) to Chinook salmon, coho salmon and steelhead the LC100 was determine to be 3.5 mg/l concentration for 0-2hrs. Thus based on the LC100, it can be concluded that the chemical was toxic and can be consider to be classified as aquatic chronic 2 category as per the CLP classification criteria. But as the chemical was readily biodegradable so that the chemical can be consider to be nontoxic and consider as not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Similarly in the third supporting study for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) (The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects, volume 5, 1999) Determination of short term toxicity of chemical2-Chloro-4-nitrophenolon the growth of fishes Rainbow trout and white sucker. Test was performed for the 24hrs in which Rainbow trout and white sucker exposed to the chemical. After the exposure of chemical, no adverse effect was observed on the both fishes. Based on the mortality of Rainbow trout and white sucker due to the chemical 2-chloro-4-nitro phenol the NOEC was 2 mg/l for 24hrs. But as the chemical was readily biodegradable so that the chemical can be consider to be nontoxic and consider as not classified as per the CLP classfication criteria.

 

Similarly in the fourth supporting study for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) (The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects, volume 5, 1999). Determination of short term toxicity of chemical 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenolon the growth of fishes Threespine stickleback and rainbow trout. Test was performed for the 24hrs in which Threespine stickleback and rainbow trout exposed to the chemical. After the exposure of chemical, no adverse effect was observed on the both fishes. Based on the mortality of Three spine stickleback and rainbow troutdue to the chemical 2-chloro-4-nitro phenol the NOEC was 10 mg/l for 24hrs. On the basis of NOEC it can be concluded that the chemical was toxic and classified in aquatic chronic 2 category. But as the chemical was readily biodegradable so that the chemical can be consider to be nontoxic and consider as not classified as per the CLP classfication criteria.

 

Thus based on the above data source for target chemical 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9), it was summarized that the chemical was toxic and can be consider to be classified as aquatic chronic 2 category as per the CLP classification criteria. But as the chemical was readily biodegradable so that the chemical can be consider to be nontoxic and consider as not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates:

Based on the various experimental data and prediction data for the target chemical as well as RA chemical which was selected on the basis of structure similarity study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). on the mobility of daphnia magna. The studies are as mentioned below:

In the first predicted weight of evidence report for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) from SSS (QSAR, 2017) toxicity study was carried out. Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the five closest read across substances, toxicity on Daphnia magna was predicted for 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). The EC50 value was estimated to be 144.95 mg/l when 2-chloro- 4-nitrophenol exposed to Daphnia magna for 48hrs.

Similarly in the second weight of evidence study for the read across chemical 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (127-68-4) (from ABITEC lab, 2016) Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of daphnids was carried out with the substance 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid according to OECD Guideline 202. The test substance was tested at the limit concentration 100 mg/l. Effects on immobilisation were observed for 48 hours. Based on the % inhibition of daphnia magna, due to the exposure of chemical 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, the IC8 was 100 mg/l. This value indicates that the substance is likely to be non-hazardous to aquatic invertebrates and cannot be classified as toxic as per the CLP criteria.

 

Third study conducted for the RA chemical 4-hydroxy benzoic acid ((99-96-7) from journal of Water Research, 1989) Short term toxicity to Daphnia sp. study was carried out for 48 hrs. Acute Daphnia test was performed according to DIN 38412, Part II. The study was based on the effects of the test compound 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (CAS no. 99-96-7) on Daphnia magna in a static fresh water system at a temperature of 20°C and pH of 8.0±0.2, respectively. Test organism used for the study was 6-24 hr old and no feeding to the organism Daphnia magna was done during the test period. Exact concentration of test chemical used for the study was not known, but the concentration steps of the test solution were selected so as to give 3-4 EC values in a range between EC0 and EC100, of which at least one value was below and one above EC50.The test vessels were two 50 ml beakers and for volatile or strongly smelling substances, two 50 ml bottles with ground-glass stoppers each with 20 ml useful capacity. Two parallel preparations were made for each concentration step. Loading amounted to one test animal per 2 ml test medium as ten 6-24 h old daphnids were placed in each test and control vessel, i.e: 20 animals per concentration step. After a test period of 24 h and again after 48 h, the no. of animals in the control and test solutions that could still swim were counted. After 48 h it was also possible to measure the pH value in order to determine whether the hydrogen ion concentrations were in an acceptable range for the daphnids or whether the result had to be considered as having been influenced by a change in pH during the course of the test. Furthermore, the oxygen content was determined at the end of the test period in order to ensure that it had not fallen below a minimum oxygen concentration of 2 mg/l. The test was considered as valid when fewer than 10% of the animals in the control solutions were unable to swim, when the pH value was not below 7.0 and the O2 value was not below 4.0 m/l. Based on effect on mobility of the test organism Daphnia magna, the 24 hr EC0, EC50 and EC100 value was determined to be 181, 104 and 286 mg/l, respectively and 48 hr EC0, EC50 and EC100 value was determined to be 173, 19 and 204 mg/l, respectively. Thus, based on the 24 and 48 h EC50 value, it can be concluded that the substance 4-hydroxy benzoic acid can be considered as non-toxic to aquatic organisms and thus can be considered to be not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Similarly fourth study was conducted for the same read across chemical 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (99-96-7), j-check 2017. Determination of short term toxicity of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the mobility of daphnia magna for 48hrs. Study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. Static method was used for the measurement of toxicity. After the exposure of 48hrs, 50% immobilization was observed at 140 mg/l. Based on the immobilization of daphnia magna due to the exposure of chemical 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, the EC50 was 140 mg/l. Thus based on the EC50 value it can be concluded that the chemical was nontoxic and can be consider to be not classified as toxic as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

In the fifth weight of evidence study for the read across chemical (26787-78-0) Ecotoxicology 2008, short term toxicity study of chemical was studied. Study was conducted to determine the toxicity of chemical (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Amoxicillin) on the mobility of daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. Effect concentration of chemical on Freshwater daphnia and Moina was tested by static system. Different measured concentration was directly prepared in dilution water. Organisms fed daily during the test. All water parameters measured daily. Immobilization was employed as an endpoint and considered to happen if no movement was detected for 15 s after gentle shaking of the test vehicle. Immobilization measured by probit analysis. Based on the immobilization of daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa due to the exposure of chemical (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]- 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ; (Amoxicillin) for 24 and 48hr, the EC50 was >1000 mg/l for both the organism. Thus it is concluded that the chemical was nontoxic and can be consider to be not classified as toxic to aquatic environment as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Similarly in the sixth weight of evidence study for another read across chemical (88-89-1) ECOTOX, 2017, Determination of short term toxicity of chemical 2,4,6-trinitrophenol on the growth and mobility of aquatic invertebrate daphnia magna. 6-24hrs newborn Daphnis were used in the study. Static method was performed in which daphnia exposed for 24hrs with the chemical 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. After the exposure of chemical for 24hrs, immobilization was observed at the concentration at which 50% daphnia killed. Based on the immobilization of daphnia magna due to the exposure of chemical for 24hrs, the EC50 was 104 mg/l. Based on the EC50 value, it can be concluded that the chemical was nontoxic and can be consider to be not classified as toxic as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Thus based on the above data sources for target chemical 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) from various experimental studies and predicted studies from QSAR, ABITEC report, journal of Water Research, 1989, Ecotoxicology 2008, j-check and ECOTOX, it was summarized that the chemical was nontoxic and can be consider to be not classified as toxic as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Toxicity to aquatic algae:

Based on the various experimental data and prediction data for the target chemical as well as RA chemical which was selected on the basis of structure similarity study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9 on the growth of algae. The studies are as mentioned below:

 

In the first predicted weight of evidence report for the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) from SSS (QSAR, 2017) toxicity study was carried out. Based on the prediction done using the OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.3 with log kow as the primary descriptor and considering the six closest read across substances, the toxicity on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum) was predicted for Target substance 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). EC50 value was estimated to be 188.292 mg/l for Species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata for 72 hrs duration when exposed to 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9). Based on this value it can be concluded that the substance2-chloro-4-nitrophenolis considered as nontoxic to aquatic environment as per the criteria mentioned in CLP regulation.

 

Similarly in the second weight of evidence study for the read across chemical 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (127-68-4) (from ABITEC lab, 2016) Freshwater algal growth inhibition test was carried out on Desmodesmus subspicatus with the substance 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid according to OECD Guideline 201. The test substance was dissolved in OECD growth medium and tested at the limit concentration 100 mg/L. Effects on the growth rate of the organism were studied. The NOEC for the test substance, 3 – Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, in Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined to be 100 mg/L on the basis of effects on growth rate in a 72 hour study. This value indicates that the substance is likely to be non-hazardous to aquatic algae and cannot be classified as toxic as per the CLP criteria.

 

Similarly in the third weight of evidence study for the read across chemical Aminobenzene (62-53-3) j-check, 2017. Determination of short-term toxicity of chemical Aminobenzene on aquatic green algae. Test was performed in the static system. After the exposure of chemical effect concentration was measured at which 50% growth inhibited by chemical. Based on the growth inhibition of green algae, the EC50 was 110 mg/l and the NOEC was 3.7 mg/l. based on the biomass and area under the growth curve, the EC50 was 41 mg/l and the NOEC was 11 mg/l. Thus based on the EC50 (110 mg/l) chemical Aminobenzene (Aniline) consider as nontoxic and cannot be classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Thus based on the above data sources for target chemical 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) from various experimental studies and predicted studies from QSAR, ABITEC report, and j-check it was summarized that the chemical was nontoxic to aquatic algae and can be consider to be not classified as toxic as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

Toxicity to microorganisms:

Based on the various experimental data and prediction data for the target chemical study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9) on the microorganisms. The studies are as mentioned below:

 In the first key study for 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74 (2011), Determination of toxicity of chemical on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.nov.Q67 by inhibiting the bioluminescence of microorganisms Vibrio qinghaiensis nov.Q67. Test was performed in 96 well microplate. In the stud 36 blank controls (use deionized water in place of the toxicant) for a toxicant were performed. Vibrio was very sensitive to the chemical and thus exposed for 20 min only. Based on the inhibition of Bioluminescence of Q67 due to the exposure of chemical 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol for 20 min, the EC50 was 292.891 mg/l (-log EC50 = 4.40 mol/l).

 

Similarly in the second supporting study for 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9), (International Journal Environment Research 2011, and SAR QSAR Environ Res. 20110), toxicity of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol was checked on the microorganisms. Determination of toxicity of chemical 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol on the growth of Tetrahymena Pyriformis. Test performed in the static system. After the exposure of chemical growth inhibition was measured where 50% inhibition observed. Based on the growth inhibition of Tetrahymena Pyriformis due to the exposure of chemical, the IGC50 was 0.275 mg/l (– Log IGC50 = 1.59 mm/l).

Thus based on the above data sources for the toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates and algae for target chemical 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (619-08-9), it was summarized that the chemical was toxic and can be consider to be classified as aquatic chronic 2 category as per the CLP classification criteria. But as the chemical was readily biodegradable so that the chemical can be consider to be nontoxic and consider as not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.