Diammonium phthalate

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Reverse mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

The study was conducted between 13 November 2013 and 14 January 2014

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2014

Report date:

2014

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 3

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: US, EPA, OCSPP harmonized guideline - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 4

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Diammonium phthalate

EC Number:

208-341-9

EC Name:

Diammonium phthalate

Cas Number:

523-24-0

Molecular formula:

C8H6O4.2H3N

IUPAC Name:

diammonium phthalate

Test material form:

solid: crystalline

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Identification: TM13-043
Batch: 3172509
Purity: 98.5%
Expiry Date: 10 October 2014
Storage Conditions: Room temperature inthe dark
Formulated concentrations were adjusted to allow for the stated water/impurity content (1.5%) of the test item.

Method

Target gene:

histidine gene (for S. typhimurium)
tryptophan gene (for E. coli)

Species / strain

Species / strain 1

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain 2

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors)

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiment 1:
1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
5000 µg/plate is the maximum recommended dose level

Experiment 2:
50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

Vehicle was sterile distilled water. The test item was fully soluble in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/mL in solubility checks performed in-house.

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

spontaneous mutation rates

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

sterile distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Remarks:

2 µg/plate for WP2uvrA, 3 µg/plate for TA100, 5 µg/plate for TA1535

Positive control substance:

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Remarks:

without S9-mix

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

spontaneous mutation rates

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

sterile distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Remarks:

80 µg/plate for TA1537

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

without S9-mix

Controls 3

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

spontaneous mutation rates

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

sterile distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Remarks:

0.2 µg/plate for TA98

Positive control substance:

other: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide

Remarks:

without S9-mix

Controls 4

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

spontaneous mutation rates

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

sterile distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Remarks:

1 µg/plate for TA100, 2 µg/plate for TA1535 and TA1537, 10 µg/plate for WP2uvrA

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene

Remarks:

with S9-mix

Controls 5

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

spontaneous mutation rates

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

sterile distilled water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Remarks:

5 µg/plate for TA98

Positive control substance:

benzo(a)pyrene

Remarks:

with S9-mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION:
Experiment 1:In agar (plate incorporation)
Experiment 2: pre-incubation method

All of the plates were incubated at 37 °C± 3 °C for approximately 48 hours


SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): histidiine or tryptophan deficient medium

Evaluation criteria:

Acceptance Criteria:
The reverse mutation assay may be considered valid if the following criteria are met:

All bacterial strains must have demonstrated the required characteristics as determined by their respective strain checks according to Ames et al., (1975), Maron and Ames (1983) and Mortelmans and Zeiger (2000).

All tester strain cultures should exhibit a characteristic number of spontaneous revertants per plate in the vehicle and untreated controls. .

All tester strain cultures should be in the range of 0.9 to 9 x 10^9 bacteria per mL.

Diagnostic mutagens (positive control chemicals) must be included to demonstrate both the intrinsic sensitivity of the tester strains to mutagen exposure and the integrity of the S9-mix. All of the positive control chemicals used in the study should induce marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation.

There should be a minimum of four non-toxic test item dose levels. There should be no evidence of excessive contamination.

Evaluation criteria:
There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study.
1. A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby, 1979).
2. A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
3. Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
4. Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).
5. Fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for any tester strain (especially if accompanied by an out-of-historical range response (Cariello and Piegorsch, 1996)).

A test item will be considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.

Statistics:

Specific statistics not stated. Number of revertent colonies compared to solvent control tested for statistical significance

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other: TA1537, TA98, TA1535, TA100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory).

The amino acid supplemented top agar and the S9 -mix used in both experiments was shown to be sterile. The test item formulation was also shown to be sterile.

Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) were considered to be acceptable (see tables below). These data are for concurrent untreated control plates performed on the same day as the Mutation Test.

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the maximum recommended dose level of 5000µg/plate. There was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, in the first mutation test (plate incorporation method) and consequently the same maximum dose level was used in the second mutation test. Similarly, there was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, in the second mutation test (pre-incubation method). No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix.

There were no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in Experiment1(plate incorporation method). Similarly, no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method).

All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies thus confirming the activity of the S9 -mix and the sensitivity of the bacterial strains.

Spontaneous mutation rates (Concurrent Negative controls)

Experiment 1

Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate)
Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
TA100	Ta1535	WP2uvrA	TA98	TA1537
115	8	17	28	17
98     (109)	15     (12)	19      (18)	17      (23)	9         (11)
115	12	19	24	7

Experiment 2

Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate)
Base-pair substitution type			Frameshift type
TA100	Ta1535	WP2uvrA	TA98	TA1537
97	15	16	8	14
76     (88)	12     (14)	20      (20)	16      (15)	4         (10)
90	14	23	22	12

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

TM13-043 was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.

Executive summary:

Introduction

The test method was designed to be compatible with the guidlines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, the OECD Guidlines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test", Method B13/14 of Commission Regulation (EC) number 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 and the USA, EPA OCSPP harmonized guideline - Bacterial Reverse mutation test.

Methods

Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TAlOO and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA were treated with the test item using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods at up to eight dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors).The dose range for Experiment1was predetermined and was 1.5 to 5000µg/plate. The experiment was repeated on a seperate day (pre-incubation method) using fresh cultures of the bacterial strain and of the test item formulations. The dose range was amended following the results of Experiment 1 and was 50 to 5000µg/plate.

Results

The vehicle (sterile distilled water) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without metabolic activiation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9 -mix were validated.

The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the maximum recommended dose level of 5000µg/plate. There was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, in the first mutation test (plate incorporation method) and consequently the same maximum dose level was used in the second mutation test. Similarly, there was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level,

either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, in the second mutation test (pre-incubation method). No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9 -mix.

There were no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method). Similarly, no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation in Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method).

Conclusion

 

TM13-043 was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test