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EC number: 216-032-5 | CAS number: 1477-55-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- The study was conducted between 1995-12-18 and 1995-12-20
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no analytical monitoring of test material concentration
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- No data
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Following the intital range-finding study the following test concentrations were assigned to the definitive study: 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg/L
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- No data
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No data
- Hardness:
- The reconstituted water had an approximate theoretical total hardness of 270 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 21 degrees Centigrade
- pH:
- The pH of reconstituted water was 7.8 ± 0.2. No pH data is available for the test solution.
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No auxiliary aeration. The reconstituted water was aerated until the dissolved oxygen concentration was approximately air-saturation value
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- The test solution was prepared by direct dispersion of the test material in reconstituted water
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 24 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits 18-32 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits 14-19 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Details on results:
- Analysis of immobilisation data given in Table 1 (see below) gave the following results:
Time (h) EC50 (mg/L) 95 % confidence limits
24 24 18-32*
48 16 14-19
* Concentrations resulting in 0 and 100 % immobilization respectively.
No Observed Effect Concentration at 24h = 18 mg/L
No Observed Effect Concentration at 48h = 10m/L
The No Observed Effect Concentration is based upon zero immobilisation at this test concentration. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- No data
- Conclusions:
- The EC50 value at 24 hours is given as 24 mg/L and the EC50 value at 48 hours is reported as 16 mg/L. The No Observed Effect Concentration at 24 hours is stated as 18 mg/L and the No Observed Effect Concentration at 48 hours is 10 mg/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- pH values for the 16.0, 28.0 and 50.0 mg/L concentration levels were 8.7 or greater which were considered to be slightly high. This was considered to be due to the slightly alkaline nature of the test material.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Sampling was conducted every 24 hours
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Nominal concentrations: Control, 5.00, 8.90, 16.00, 28.0, 50.0 mg/L
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- No data
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No data
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 1 degrees Centigrade
- pH:
- pH 7.6 - 9.3
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 8.3 - 8.9 mg/L
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: Control, 5.0, 8.9, 16.0, 28.0, 50.0 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: closed with the surface of the water covered with a teflon sheet
- Fill volume: 100mL
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): no renewal
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of individuals per dose level: 20
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Elendt M4 medium - see table A-1 (attached)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness
- Light intensity: 800 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Immobilisation
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC0
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 35.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: 28.0 - 50.0 mg/L
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 50 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC0
- Effect conc.:
- 8.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 15.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limit: 12.3 - 18.7 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 28 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- Measured concentrations of the test material were within ± 20 % of the nominal concentrations for all test concentrations, therefore, the nominal concentrations were used for calculation of each effect concentration. Representative chromatograms are attached.
No environmental factors which might affect the reliability of the study results were seen.
The immobilisation rate of the control group after 48 hours exposure was zero %, and the rate of Daphnia floating on the surface of the water was zero %, which fulfilled the validation criteria of the study.
In this study, 5 % immobilization was seen in the 5.00 mg/L group at the end of exposure, however, the immobilization seen in the 5.00 mg/L group was considered to be within the range of spontaneous occurrence since no immobilization was seen in the 8.9 mg/L group.
The temperature of the test solutions were 20 ± 1 degrees Centigrade for all test groups, and the dissolved oxygen concentrations were 60 % or more of the saturated concentration of the dissolved oxygen concentration (dissolved oxygen concentration at 20.0 degrees Centigrade: 8.8 mg/L). Both of these values fulfilled the study standards. The pH values shown in the 16.0 mg/L, 28.0 mg/L and 50.0 mg/L groups were 8.7 or more, and were considered to be slightly high. The effect was attributed to the slightly alkaline nature of the test material. The pH values in the other concentration groups, as well as the control group, were within the appropriate environmental range (6.0 ~ 8.5) for raising Daphnia. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical method
EC50 (48 hours): moving average - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- EC50 values were found to be 35.1 mg/L (confidence limits 28.0 ~ 50.0 mg/L) at 24 hours and 15.2 mg/L (confidence limits 12.3 ~ 18.7 mg/L) at 48 hours.
Referenceopen allclose all
Results from a range-finding study conducted between 14 December 1995 and 16 December 1995 are shown below:
Concentration mg/L |
Cumulative Mortality (initial population = 10) |
|
24 Hours |
48 Hours |
|
Control |
0 |
0 |
0.10 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
10 |
10 |
Cummulative immobilisation data from the exposure of Daphnia magna to MXDA for 48 hours are given in Table 1:
Table 1 - Cumulative immobilization data for Daphnia magna exposed for 48 hours to MXDA
Nominal Concentration (mg/l) |
Cumulative immobilizedDaphnia (intial population : 10 per replicate) |
|||||||
24 hours |
48 hours |
|||||||
R1 |
R2 |
Total |
% |
R1 |
R2 |
Total |
% |
|
Control |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5.6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
7 |
13 |
65 |
32 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
56 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
100 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
10 |
10 |
20 |
100 |
R1and R2= Replicates 1 and 2
The concentration of the test material in the test solution was measured at the start of exposure and at the end of exposure (48 hours after the start of exposure). The results are shown in Table 1 (below):
Table 1 - Measured Concentrations of the Test Substance in Test Water (Static Conditions)
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Measured concentration (mg/L) |
Geometric Mean during 48 Hours (mg/L) |
|||
0 Hour new |
Percent of Nominal |
48 Hours old |
Percent of Nominal |
||
Control |
<0.02 |
-- |
<0.02 |
-- |
-- |
5.00 |
4.98 |
100 |
4.92 |
98 |
4.95 |
8.90 |
9.03 |
101 |
9.04 |
102 |
9.03 |
16.00 |
15.9 |
99 |
15.9 |
99 |
15.9 |
28.0 |
28.0 |
100 |
27.9 |
100 |
27.9 |
50.00 |
49.6 |
99 |
49.7 |
99 |
49.6 |
New: |
Freshly prepared test solutions |
||||
Old: |
Test solutions after 48 Hours exposure |
Immobilisation rate and median immobilisation concentration (EiC50) at each time point are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 (below). The concentration-immobilisation rate curve is shown in Figure 1 (attached).
Table 2 - The Numbers of Immobile Daphnia (Percent Immobility)
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
Cumulative Numbers of Immobilized Daphnia (Percent Immobility] |
|
24 hours |
48 hours |
|
Control |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
5.00 |
0 (0) |
1 (5) |
8.90 |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
16.0 |
0 (0) |
10 (50) |
28.0 |
2 (10) |
20 (100) |
50.0 |
20 (100) |
20 (1000 |
Table 3 - Calculated EiC50 values
Exposure period (hr) |
EiC50 (mg/L) |
95-Percent Confidence Limits (mg/L) |
Statistical Method |
24 |
35.1 |
28.0 ~ 50.0 |
Binomial |
48 |
15.2 |
12.3 ~ 18.7 |
Moving average |
The maximum no-observed effect concentration (NOECi) and the minimum 100 % immobilisation concentration are shown in Table 4 (below):
Table 4 - No Observed Effect Concentration (NOECi) and Lowest Concentration resulting in 100% Immobility
Exposure period (Hours) |
No Observed Effect Concentration (NOECi) (mg/L) |
Lowest concentration resulting in 100 % Immobility (mg/L) |
24 |
16.0 |
50.0 |
48 |
8.90 |
28.0 |
The temperature of the test solutions, the dissolved oxygen concentration, and pH are shown (below) in Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 respectively.
Table 5 – Temperature (Static Conditions)
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Temperature °C |
|
0 Hour New |
48 Hours Old |
|
Control |
20.1 |
20.1 |
5.00 |
20.1 |
20.1 |
8.90 |
20.1 |
20.1 |
16.00 |
20.1 |
20.3 |
28.0 |
20.1 |
20.2 |
50.0 |
20.1 |
20.2 |
New: |
Freshly prepared test solutions |
|
Old: |
Test solutions after 48 Hours exposure |
Table 6 – Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (Static Conditions)
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mg/L) |
|
0 Hour New |
48 Hours Old |
|
Control |
8.6 |
8.3 |
5.00 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
8.90 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
16.00 |
8.8 |
8.7 |
28.0 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
50.0 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
New: |
Freshly prepared test solutions |
|
Old: |
Test solutions after 48 Hours exposure |
Table 7 – pH Values
Nominal Concentration (mg/L) |
pH |
|
0 Hour New |
48 Hours Old |
|
Control |
7.9 |
7.6 |
5.00 |
8.4 |
8.1 |
8.90 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
16.00 |
8.8 |
8.7 |
28.0 |
9.1 |
9.0 |
50.0 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
New: |
Freshly prepared test solutions |
|
Old: |
Test solutions after 48 Hours exposure |
Description of key information
EC50 (48 h) 15.2 mg/L for Daphnia magna (OECD 202)
EC50 (48 h) 16 mg/L for Daphnia magna (OECD 202)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 15.2 mg/L
Additional information
Two studies are available to describe acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. A Japanese government study (1995) is considered the key study because it was conducted to GLP standards and included analytical monitoring of test material. However, a supporting study (Wetton, 1995) provides corroborative evidence of test material toxicity.
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