1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene

Toxicity to soil microorganisms

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to soil microorganisms

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

Georgopoulos and Vomvoyanni, 1965

Conidia (asexual reproduction) from 6-10 day old cultures of the phytopathogenic fungi Hypomyces (Fusarium) solani f. cucurbitae, Sclerotium rolfsii and Penicillium italicum did not show germination or at most a low germination rate when they were incubated for 6 days at 25 °C in potato-dextrose-agar containing 153.6 mg/l of 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene.

 

Gamliel et al., 1989

Gamliel et al. (1989) found EC50 values of 15.6 mg/l and 10.6 mg/l regarding the inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani respectively. The incubation period was not reported.

 

Richardson, 1968

Richardson (1968) studied the fungistatic effect of 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene vaporizing at 24 °C from non-sterile, humidified compost. For the inhibition of growth of Phythium ultimum (after 24 hours incubation) as well as Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma viride (both after 48 hours incubation) he found the following EC50 values:

P. ultimum: EC50 = 225 mg/l

R. solani: EC50 = 125 mg/l

T. viride: EC50 = 350 mg/l

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to soil microorganisms

Type of information:

other: applicant's summary entry

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is an applicant's summary entry for a variety of studies.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

applicant's summary entry

GLP compliance:

not specified

Eckert, 1962

Rel.: 2; Rational for reliability: Acceptable, well documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.

The fungistatic properties of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene were evaluated using Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum as test organisms. The test was conducted on agar medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. The pH was 6.4 ¿ 6.6. The test substance was dissolved in 1 ml of a 1% solution of Triton X-100 in diethyl ether. This ethereal solution then was made up to 50 ml with sterile distilled water. A suitable amount of this suspension was added to sterile melted agar medium to give the desired stock concentration. After the agar solidified, each tube was inoculated with a plug of either Rhizoctonia or Phytium and incubated at 24°C. Four concentrations and one control were tested. To estimate inhibition in the presence of the test chemical, linear growth measurements were taken after 40 and 88 hours. The percent inhibition values for at least 2 independent experiments were averaged for each of several concentration of the test compound. These mean percent inhibition values then were plotted (as logarithms) against the log of the test chemical concentration. Dose reducing linear growth 50% were estimated from dosage-response curves. The following results were found:

Rhizoctonia solani: ED50 = 53.76 mg/l

Pythium ultimum: ED50 = 24.96 mg/l

 

Hafsah et al., 1984

Rel.: 2; Rational for reliability: Acceptable, well documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.

The study primarily examines the metabolism of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene by the fungus Mucor javanicus but also the toxic effect of the chemical to the fungus was monitored in a preliminary experiment.

 

Toxicity of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene to M. javanicus

A preliminary experiment was carried out in order to know the effects of 2,3-DCNB on the growth of M. javanicus. The fungus was cultured in liquid medium (glucose-peptone-yeast extract) containing 2,3-DCNB in 50 ppm. Compared to the control (without substrate) the test substance showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungus. The biomass of the fungus in flasks containing 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene was reduced to 37% compared to that of the control.

	fungal growth / culture day
	1	2	5	7 [wet g / flask]
2,3-DCNB	+	+	++	0.374
control	++	+++	++++	1.020

 +: visible growth

 

Metabolism of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene by M. javanicus

To avoid the effect of fungal growth on the metabolism, the precultivation method applied M. javanicus was inoculated into the liquid media in shaking flasks and cultured at 25°C for 72 hr. Then to the culture broths the substrate in 50 ppm was added and cultivation was continued for 6 more days. The remaining substrate and metabolites were extracted from the culture with ether and determined quantitatively by GLC. Furthermore, constituents in each extract were analyzed by GC-MS after cleaning the extract by column chromatography. The results reveal that a greater part of 2,3-DCNB was transformed into 2,3-dichlorobenzenamine.

	Remaining substance (%)	Metabolite yield (% based on the subst.)
		DCBA (2,3-dichlorobenzenamine)	MT-A (3-chloro-2-methylthiobenzenamine)	MT-N (3-chloro-2-methylthio-1-nitrobenzene)
2,3-DCNB	18	49	1	12
control	-	-	-	-

Description of key information

For transported isolated intermediates according to Reach, Annex XVIII, this endpoint is not a data requirement. However, data is available for this endpoint and is thus reported under the guidance of "all available data".

BUA report 1990

Georgopoulos and Vomvoyanni, 1965

Conidia (asexual reproduction) from 6-10 day old cultures of the phytopathogenic fungi Hypomyces (Fusarium) solani f. cucurbitae, Sclerotium rolfsii and Penicillium italicum did not show germination or at most a low germination rate when they were incubated for 6 days at 25 °C in potato-dextrose-agar containing 153.6 mg/l of 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene.

 

Gamliel et al., 1989

Gamliel et al. (1989) found EC50 values of 15.6 mg/l and 10.6 mg/l regarding the inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani respectively. The incubation period was not reported.

 

Richardson, 1968

Richardson (1968) studied the fungistatic effect of 1,2-dichloro-3-nitrobenzene vaporizing at 24 °C from non-sterile, humidified compost. For the inhibition of growth of Phythium ultimum (after 24 hours incubation) as well as Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma viride (both after 48 hours incubation) he found the following EC50 values:

P. ultimum: EC50 = 225 mg/l

R. solani: EC50 = 125 mg/l

T. viride: EC50 = 350 mg/l

 

applicant's summary

Eckert, 1962

Rel.: 2; Rational for reliability: Acceptable, well documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.

The fungistatic properties of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene were evaluated using Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum as test organisms. The test was conducted on agar medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. The pH was 6.4 ¿ 6.6. The test substance was dissolved in 1 ml of a 1% solution of Triton X-100 in diethyl ether. This ethereal solution then was made up to 50 ml with sterile distilled water. A suitable amount of this suspension was added to sterile melted agar medium to give the desired stock concentration. After the agar solidified, each tube was inoculated with a plug of either Rhizoctonia or Phytium and incubated at 24°C. Four concentrations and one control were tested. To estimate inhibition in the presence of the test chemical, linear growth measurements were taken after 40 and 88 hours. The percent inhibition values for at least 2 independent experiments were averaged for each of several concentration of the test compound. These mean percent inhibition values then were plotted (as logarithms) against the log of the test chemical concentration. Dose reducing linear growth 50% were estimated from dosage-response curves. The following results were found:

Rhizoctonia solani: ED50 = 53.76 mg/l

Pythium ultimum: ED50 = 24.96 mg/l

 

Hafsah et al., 1984

Rel.: 2; Rational for reliability: Acceptable, well documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.

The study primarily examines the metabolism of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene by the fungus Mucor javanicus but also the toxic effect of the chemical to the fungus was monitored in a preliminary experiment.

 

Toxicity of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene to M. javanicus

A preliminary experiment was carried out in order to know the effects of 2,3-DCNB on the growth of M. javanicus. The fungus was cultured in liquid medium (glucose-peptone-yeast extract) containing 2,3-DCNB in 50 ppm. Compared to the control (without substrate) the test substance showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungus. The biomass of the fungus in flasks containing 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene was reduced to 37% compared to that of the control.

	fungal growth / culture day
	1	2	5	7 [wet g / flask]
2,3-DCNB	+	+	++	0.374
control	++	+++	++++	1.020

 +: visible growth

 

Metabolism of 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene by M. javanicus

To avoid the effect of fungal growth on the metabolism, the precultivation method applied M. javanicus was inoculated into the liquid media in shaking flasks and cultured at 25°C for 72 hr. Then to the culture broths the substrate in 50 ppm was added and cultivation was continued for 6 more days. The remaining substrate and metabolites were extracted from the culture with ether and determined quantitatively by GLC. Furthermore, constituents in each extract were analyzed by GC-MS after cleaning the extract by column chromatography. The results reveal that a greater part of 2,3-DCNB was transformed into 2,3-dichlorobenzenamine.

	Remaining substance (%)	Metabolite yield (% based on the subst.)
		DCBA (2,3-dichlorobenzenamine)	MT-A (3-chloro-2-methylthiobenzenamine)	MT-N (3-chloro-2-methylthio-1-nitrobenzene)
2,3-DCNB	18	49	1	12
control	-	-	-	-