N-hydroxyphthalimide

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

LD50 was estimated to be 2201 mg/kg bw when Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were orally exposed with 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Acute toxicity: via oral route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: oral

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with limited documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

Data is predicted using OECD QSAR toolbox version 3.4 and the supporting QMRF report has been attached

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Prediction is done using QSAR Toolbox version 3.4

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test type:

standard acute method

Limit test:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of the test material: N-Hydroxyphthalimide
- IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
- Molecular formula: C8H5NO3
- Molecular Weight: 163.132 g/mole
- Substance type: Organic
- Smiles: c12c(C(=O)N(C1=O)O)cccc2

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

No data available

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

corn oil

Details on oral exposure:

No data available

Doses:

2201 mg/kg bw

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5

Control animals:

no

Details on study design:

No data available

Statistics:

No data available

Preliminary study:

No data available

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

2 201 mg/kg bw

Based on:

test mat.

Remarks on result:

other: 50 % mortality observed

Mortality:

No data available

Clinical signs:

other: No data available

Gross pathology:

No data available

Other findings:

No data available

The prediction was based on dataset comprised from the following descriptors: LD50
Estimation method: Takes average value from the 5 nearest neighbours
Domain  logical expression:Result: In Domain

(((((((((("a" or "b" or "c" or "d" or "e" )  and ("f" and ( not "g") )  )  and ("h" and ( not "i") )  )  and "j" )  and "k" )  and ("l" and ( not "m") )  )  and ("n" and ( not "o") )  )  and "p" )  and ("q" and ( not "r") )  )  and ("s" and "t" )  )

Domain logical expression index: "a"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Imides (Acute toxicity) by US-EPA New Chemical Categories

Domain logical expression index: "b"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aryl AND Fused saturated heterocycles AND Hydroxamic acid AND Imide AND N-Hydroxylamine derivatives by Organic Functional groups

Domain logical expression index: "c"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aryl AND Fused saturated heterocycles AND Hydroxamic acid AND Imide AND Overlapping groups by Organic Functional groups (nested)

Domain logical expression index: "d"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Amide, aromatic attach [-C(=O)N] AND Aromatic Carbon [C] AND Carbonyl, olefinic attach [-C(=O)-] AND Carbonyl, one aromatic attach [-C(=O)-] AND Hydroxy, nitrogen attach [-OH] AND Miscellaneous sulfide (=S) or oxide (=O) AND Nitrogen, two or tree olefinic attach [>N-] AND Olefinic carbon [=CH- or =C<] AND Oxygen, nitrogen attach [-O-] AND Oxygen-subtution at N on [-CO-N-CO-] by Organic functional groups (US EPA)

Domain logical expression index: "e"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Aromatic compound AND Carbonic acid derivative AND Carboxylic acid derivative AND Heterocyclic compound by Organic functional groups, Norbert Haider (checkmol)

Domain logical expression index: "f"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No alert found by DNA binding by OECD

Domain logical expression index: "g"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Acylation OR Acylation >> Direct Addition of an Acyl Halide OR Acylation >> Direct Addition of an Acyl Halide >> Acyl halide OR Michael addition OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation of Heterocyclic Ring Systems OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation of Heterocyclic Ring Systems >> Furans OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation of Heterocyclic Ring Systems >> Thiophenes-Michael addition OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation to Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation to Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals >> 5-alkoxyindoles OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation to Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals >> Alkyl phenols OR Michael addition >> P450 Mediated Activation to Quinones and Quinone-type Chemicals >> Arenes OR SN1 OR SN1 >> Iminium Ion Formation OR SN1 >> Iminium Ion Formation >> Aliphatic tertiary amines OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Aromatic azo OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Aromatic nitro OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Aromatic phenylureas OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Primary (unsaturated) heterocyclic amine OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Secondary aromatic amine OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Tertiary (unsaturated) heterocyclic amine  OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Tertiary aromatic amine OR SN1 >> Nitrenium Ion formation >> Unsaturated heterocyclic azo OR SN2 OR SN2 >> Direct Acting Epoxides and related OR SN2 >> Direct Acting Epoxides and related >> Epoxides OR SN2 >> P450 Mediated Epoxidation OR SN2 >> P450 Mediated Epoxidation >> Thiophenes-SN2 OR SN2 >> SN2 at an sp3 Carbon atom OR SN2 >> SN2 at an sp3 Carbon atom >> Aliphatic halides by DNA binding by OECD

Domain logical expression index: "h"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No alert found by Protein binding by OASIS v1.4

Domain logical expression index: "i"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Acylation OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) carboxamide group OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) carboxamide group >> Carboxylic Acid Amides OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) ester group OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) ester group >> Arenecarboxylic Acid Esters OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) sulfonamide group OR Acylation >> Acylation involving an activated (glucuronidated) sulfonamide group >> Arenesulfonamides OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Anhydrides (sulphur analogues of anhydrides)  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Carbamates  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> Carboxylic Acid Amides OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> N-Acylloxysuccinimides  OR Acylation >> Direct acylation involving a leaving group >> N-Haloacylamides  OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis >> Amides OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis or thiolysis OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis or thiolysis >> Activated aryl esters  OR Acylation >> Ester aminolysis or thiolysis >> Carbamates  OR AN2 OR AN2 >> Michael addition to activated double bonds OR AN2 >> Michael addition to activated double bonds >> alpha,beta-Unsaturated Carbonyls and Related Compounds OR AN2 >> Michael addition to activated double bonds in heterocyclic ring systems OR AN2 >> Michael addition to activated double bonds in heterocyclic ring systems >> Pyrazolone and Pyrazolidine Derivatives OR AN2 >> Michael-type addition to quinoid structures  OR AN2 >> Michael-type addition to quinoid structures  >> Carboxylic Acid Amides OR AN2 >> Michael-type addition to quinoid structures  >> N-Substituted Aromatic Amines OR AN2 >> Michael-type addition to quinoid structures  >> Substituted Phenols OR AN2 >> Nucleophilic addition at polarized N-functional double bond OR AN2 >> Nucleophilic addition at polarized N-functional double bond >> Arenesulfonamides OR AN2 >> Nucleophilic addition to pyridonimine tautomer of aminopyridoindoles or aminopyridoimidazoles (hypothesized) OR AN2 >> Nucleophilic addition to pyridonimine tautomer of aminopyridoindoles or aminopyridoimidazoles (hypothesized) >> Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines OR AN2 >> Schiff base formation with carbonyl compounds (AN2) OR AN2 >> Schiff base formation with carbonyl compounds (AN2) >> Pyrazolone and Pyrazolidine Derivatives OR Michael addition OR Michael addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group OR Michael addition >> Michael addition on conjugated systems with electron withdrawing group >> alpha,beta-Carbonyl compounds with polarized double bonds  OR Nucleophilic addition OR Nucleophilic addition >> Addition to carbon-hetero double bonds OR Nucleophilic addition >> Addition to carbon-hetero double bonds >> Ketones OR Radical reactions OR Radical reactions >> ROS generation and direct attack of hydroxyl radical to the C8 position of nucleoside base OR Radical reactions >> ROS generation and direct attack of hydroxyl radical to the C8 position of nucleoside base >> Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines OR Schiff base formation OR Schiff base formation >> Direct acting Schiff base formers OR Schiff base formation >> Direct acting Schiff base formers >> 1,2-Dicarbonyls and 1,3-Dicarbonyls  OR Schiff base formation >> Schiff base on pyrazolones and pyrazolidinones OR Schiff base formation >> Schiff base on pyrazolones and pyrazolidinones >> Pyrazolones and Pyrazolidinones OR SE reaction (CYP450-activated heterocyclic amines) OR SE reaction (CYP450-activated heterocyclic amines) >> Direct attack of arylnitrenium cation to the C8 position of nucleoside base  OR SE reaction (CYP450-activated heterocyclic amines) >> Direct attack of arylnitrenium cation to the C8 position of nucleoside base  >> Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines OR SN2 OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom OR SN2 >> Nucleophilic substitution at sp3 carbon atom >> alpha-Activated haloalkanes  OR SN2 >> SN2 Reaction at a sp3 carbon atom OR SN2 >> SN2 Reaction at a sp3 carbon atom >> Activated alkyl esters and thioesters  OR SNAr OR SNAr >> Nucleophilic aromatic substitution on activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds OR SNAr >> Nucleophilic aromatic substitution on activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds >> Activated aryl and heteroaryl compounds OR SR reaction (peroxidase-activated heterocyclic amines) OR SR reaction (peroxidase-activated heterocyclic amines) >> Direct attack of arylnitrenium radical to the C8 position of nucleoside base OR SR reaction (peroxidase-activated heterocyclic amines) >> Direct attack of arylnitrenium radical to the C8 position of nucleoside base >> Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines by Protein binding by OASIS v1.4

Domain logical expression index: "j"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as No superfragment by Superfragments ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "k"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Bioavailable by Lipinski Rule Oasis ONLY

Domain logical expression index: "l"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Non-Metals by Groups of elements

Domain logical expression index: "m"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Halogens by Groups of elements

Domain logical expression index: "n"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Group 14 - Carbon C AND Group 15 - Nitrogen N AND Group 16 - Oxygen O by Chemical elements

Domain logical expression index: "o"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Group 16 - Sulfur S by Chemical elements

Domain logical expression index: "p"

Similarity boundary:Target: ON1C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O
Threshold=30%,
Dice(Atom centered fragments)
Atom type; Count H attached; Hybridization

Domain logical expression index: "q"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as Not known precedent reproductive and developmental toxic potential by DART scheme v.1.0

Domain logical expression index: "r"

Referential boundary: The target chemical should be classified as ARA inhibitors, Candesartan-like chemicals (5c-3) OR ARA inhibitors, Candesartan-like chemicals (5c-3) >> Candesartan-like ARA inhibitors OR Known precedent reproductive and developmental toxic potential by DART scheme v.1.0

Domain logical expression index: "s"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is >= -1.22

Domain logical expression index: "t"

Parametric boundary:The target chemical should have a value of log Kow which is <= 1.3

Interpretation of results:

Category 5 based on GHS criteria

Conclusions:

LD50 was estimated to be 2201 mg/kg bw when Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were orally exposed with 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione.

Executive summary:

In a prediction done by SSS (2017) using the OECD QSAR toolbox with log kow as the primary descriptor, the acute oral toxicity was estimated for 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. The LD50 was estimated to be 2201 mg/kg bw when Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were orally exposed with 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Value:

2 201 mg/kg bw

Quality of whole database:

Data is Klimisch 2 and from OECD QSAR toolbox

Acute toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Acute toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Acute oral toxicity:

In different studies, 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione has been investigated for acute oral toxicity to a greater or lesser extent. Often are the studies based on in vivo experiments in rodents, i.e. most commonly in rats for 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione along with the study available on structurally similar read across substance 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (CAs no 133-07-3) and phthalimide (CAS no 85-14-6). The predicted data using the OECD QSAR toolbox has also been compared with the experimental studies.

In a prediction done by SSS (2017) using the OECD QSAR toolbox with log kow as the primary descriptor, the acute oral toxicity was estimated for 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione. The LD50 was estimated to be 2201 mg/kg bw when Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were orally exposed with 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione.

In another experimental study conducted by Greene et al (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 51, 197-199 (1979)) on structurally similar read across substance 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (CAs no 133-07-3), Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in the concentration of 1000, 3000, 3500, 4000, 8000 and 12000 mg/kg orally by gavage and observed for 14 days. At 4000, 8000 and 12000 mg/kg, All animals died on day 0 and Day 1, except one animal at 4000 mg/kg which died on Day 3. Salivation, decreased activity, bloody nasal discharge, and ataxia at 3000 and 3500 mg/kg and, in addition, decreased respiration, in coordination, and gasping at 4000, 8000 and 12000 mg/kg With the exception of salivation and incoordination which disappeared within 24 hr, these signs persisted for several days. In addition, In lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract toxicity was observed at all doses, the lungs were dark and mottled and the gastrointestinal tract was vascularized. The liver was pale or pale and mottled at 3500 and 3000 mg/kg, respectively, and dark or dark and mottled at 4000, 8000 and 12000 mg/kg. Therefore, LD50 was considered to be 4700 mg/kg bw when Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione orally by gavage.

Also it is further supported experimental study given by Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic (OTS05336499, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 20, 1998) on structurally similar read across substance 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (CAs no 133-07-3), Crl:CD(SD)BR male rats were treated with 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in the concentration of 3000, 5000 and 6000 for male and 1500, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg for female orally by gavage and observed for 14 days. At 5000 mg/kg bw, all male and 2 female rats died. At 3000 mg/kg bw, 2 male and 2 female rats died. At 6000 mg/kg 4 female rats died. At 1500 mg/kg bw, 1 female rats died. Ataxia and abnormal gait at 5000 mg/kg bw in male rats and ataxia, abnormal gait and tremors were observed at 3000 mg/kg bw in female rats. Therefore, LD50 was considered to be 4156 mg/kg bw for male and 2636 mg/kg bw when Crl:CD(SD)BR male rats were treated with 2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione orally by gavage.

It is further supported experimental data given by J check (2017) on structurally similar read across phthalimide (CAS no 85-14-6), Crj:CD (SD) male and female rats were treated with phthalimide in the concentration of 2000 mg/kg bw in 1 % Carboxymethylcellulose sodium orally to gauge the acute oral toxicity in single dose study. No mortality was observed in treated male and female rats at 2000 mg/kg bw. Similarly, No effects on general appearance and Body weight of treated male and female rats were observed at 2000 mg/kg bw. In addition, No gross pathological and histopathological changes were observed in treated male and female rats at 2000 mg/kg bw Therefore, LD50 was considered to be > 2000 mg/kg bw when rat were treated phthalimide orally by gavage.

In addition to above experimental data study given by OECD SIDS (2005) for similar read across, male and female rats were treated with phthalimide in the concentration of 501, 794, 1260, 2000, 3160, 5000, 7940, 10000 mg/kg bw as a 20% suspension in corn oil orally by gavage. One female died at 10000 mg/kg bw and No mortality was observed in treated male and female rats at 501, 794, 1260, 2000, 3160, 5000, 7940 mg/kg bw. Reduced appetite, reduced activity, and slight lethargy for two to three days were observed in surviving animals. No gross pathological changes were observed in viscera of treated male and female rats. Therefore, LD50 was considered to be > 10000 mg/kg bw when rat were treated phthalimide orally.

Thus based on the above predictions and studies on 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione and its read across substances, it can be concluded that LD50 value is greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. Thus comparing this value with the criteria of CLP regulation, 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione can be not classified for acute oral toxicity. 

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the above predictions and studies on 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione and its read across substances, it can be concluded that LD50 value is greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. Thus comparing this value with the criteria of CLP regulation, 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione can be not classified for acute oral toxicity.