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EC number: 944-461-4 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 25 Feb - 25 Apr 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 208 (Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 19 July 2006
- Deviations:
- yes
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Department of Health of the Government of the United Kingdom
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Remarks:
- The verification of the concentration is provided by the recorded weights of the test item added to the soil.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil: The test substance was applied to dry soil and mixed using a pestle and mortar and mixed into the appropriate amount of weighed moist soil. Afterwards this soil was then moistened with reverse osmosis (RO) water and mixed using a handheld mixer.
- Controls: For untreated water controls, the same amounts of dry soil and moist soil was used as for the treatment groups. For the water control the dry soil was mixed into the moist soil. Water was then added as for the treated groups.
- Details: Please see detailed information concerning test item preparation within tables 1-3 in section "Any other information on matrial and methods incl tables". - Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cabbage
- Plant family: Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Species:
- Daucus carota
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Carrot
- Plant family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Plant family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Plant family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Plant family: Liliaceae (Amarylladaceae)
- Source of seed: Purchased from commercial suppliers
- Prior seed treatment/sterilization: Seeds were not treated with any type of fungicides, insecticides, or any other type of pesticidal compound.
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): Emergence trials indicated that seed viability was ≥ 75% for all species.
- Seed storage: Dry in glass bottles and kept in darkness prior to the start of the study. - Test type:
- seedling emergence and seedling growth test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Remarks:
- Plants were harvested 14 - 18 days after 50% control germination, giving a total exposure period of 21 days for all species.
- Test temperature:
- 18.8 - 24.6 °C (mean range for all species)
- pH:
- 8.1 - 8.2 (control
8.4 (1000 mg/kg dw) - Moisture:
- 51.33 – 81.22% rel. humidity (mean range for all species)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container: 10.5 cm internal diameter plastic pots
- Amount of soil: Approximately 75 mm
- Method of seeding: The seeds were spaced out on the soil surface and approximately 10 mm of soil was added to cover the seeds.
- No. of seeds per container: 7 pots for cabbage, carrot and lettuce; 10 pots for tomato; 5 pots for oat and onion
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 7 pots of three seeds for cabbage, carrot and lettuce; 10 pots of two seeds for tomato; 5 pots of four seeds each for oat and onion
- No. of replicates per control: 7 pots
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Geographic location: Soil batch GIL1401
- Pesticide use history at the collection site: Soil was not treated with pesticides in the year of sampling or two previous years.
- Collection procedures: Sieved prior to use to remove all particles >2 mm
- % sand: 79% w/w
- % silt: 10% w/w
- % clay: 11% w/w
- Soil taxonomic classification: Sandy loam
- Soil classification system: According to UK classification
- Organic carbon (%): 1.1% w/w (by wet oxidation)
- Pretreatment of soil: Not pasteurized, or heat treated before use and was not treated with pesticides in the year of sampling or two previous years.
- Available potassium: 93.8 mg/L
- Total potassium: 784 mg/kg
- Organic matter (%): 1.89%
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light per day
- Light intensity and quality:
Cabbage: 6170 - 10710 lux
Carrot: 6710 - 10740 lux
Lettuce: 5340 - 8830 lux
Tomato: 6210 - 9940 lux
Oat: 6170 - 14300 lux
Onion: 7880 - 12940 lux
- Day/night temperatures: 15.3 – 28.9 °C (range)
- Relative humidity (%): 28.07 – 91.37% (range)
- Watering regime and schedules: Plants were watered as required, maintaining seedling health and growth (visually determined on a per-species and per-treatment basis)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Each pot was inspected daily, the number of emerged plants was recorded, together with any herbicidal symptoms.
- Phytotoxicity rating system: Assessment was conducted using a uniform scoring system based on plant size and vigor where 0 indicated no abnormal effects and 10 for all plants within a replicate being dead.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: no due to limittest
Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 0; 0.1; 1.0; 10; 100; 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- control and 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: survival and seedling emergence
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Species:
- other: all species tested
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Details on results:
- SEED GERMINATION
- Percent seed germination: Germination was recorded daily until there was >50% in the water controls. There were no effects on germination in any species. The NOEC for germination of these species was therefore ≥ 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil. All seeds germinated.
SEEDLING EMERGENCE
- Percent seedling emergence: 100%
- Percent survival: There were no treatment-related effects on plant survival with 100% plant survival in both the control and treatment rate in all species.
- Other effects: A visual assessment based on the overall condition of surviving seedlings for each replicate was conducted at the end of the study and at regular intervals throughout. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed in the treatment group compared to the control group. The NOEC for phytotoxicity was therefore ≥ 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical analysis of and mean replicate height and wet weight were carried out using the SAS 9.1.3 programme (SAS Institute Inc. 2002). Statistical analysis of the height and wet weights of cabbage, carrot, lettuce, tomato and oat, in comparison to the water control, was carried out using the t-test. The wet weight data was log transformed prior to analysis to stabilize the variance and the means are presented as back transformed geometric means.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For further details please see Table 4 within the section “Any other information on results incl. tables”.
- Conclusions:
- There was no effect on the emergence or survival of any of the species tested following application of test item at 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil. The NOEC for both these parameters was >= 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil for all species. The EC50 values were estimated to be >1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil for all species. There were no statistically significant adverse treatment related effects in the height or wet weight of any species in comparison to the water control following application of test item at 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil. The NOEC values for effects on height and wet weight were >= 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil for all species. The EC50 values were estimated to be >1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil for all species. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed in the treatment groups or in either the water or solvent control groups. The study was considered valid as the validation criteria were met and no visible phytotoxic effects were observed in the controls.
Reference
Table 1: Germination and survival
Species |
Treatment |
Application rate (mg a.i./kg dry soil) |
Number germinated (a) |
Plant germination (%) |
% reduction in germination |
Total number of surviving plants evaluated at final assessment |
Survival (%) |
Cabbage |
Water control |
0 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
Carrot |
Water control |
0 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
Lettuce |
Water control |
0 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
21 |
100 |
0 |
21 |
100 |
Tomato |
Water control |
0 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
Oat |
Water control |
0 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
Onion |
Water control |
0 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
|
Test item |
1000 |
20 |
100 |
0 |
20 |
100 |
a n = 21 for cabbage, carrot and lettuce, 20 for tomato, oat and onion
Table 2: Percent Reduction in Height in Comparison to the Water Control
Plant |
Treatment |
Rate (mg a.i./kg dry soil) |
Geometric mean |
% increase (+) or reduction (-) in mean height |
p |
Cabbage |
Water control |
0 |
4.121 |
0 – |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
4.155 |
0.8+ |
0.908 |
Carrot |
Water control |
0 |
1.864 |
0 |
- |
|
Test item |
1000 |
1.870 |
0.3+ |
0.954 |
Lettuce |
Water control |
0 |
0.935 |
0 |
- |
|
Test item |
1000 |
0.981 |
4.9+ |
0.467 |
Tomato |
Water control |
0 |
4.730 |
0 |
- |
|
Test item |
1000 |
4.877 |
3.1+ |
0.530 |
Oat |
Water control |
0 |
39.123 |
0 |
- |
|
Test item |
1000 |
40.059 |
2.4+ |
0.211 |
Onion |
Water control |
0 |
13.257 |
0 |
- |
|
Test item |
1000 |
13.290 |
0.2+ |
0.965 |
p values are for the comparison with water control using the t-test; 0: No reduction
Table 3: Percent Reduction in wet weight in Comparison to the Water Control
Plants |
Treatment |
Rate (mg a.i./kg dry soil) |
Geometric mean |
% increase (+) or reduction (-) in mean wet weight |
p |
Cabbage |
Water control |
0 |
665.88 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
668.48 |
0.4+ |
0.955 |
Carrot |
Water control |
0 |
74.656 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
76.004 |
1.8+ |
0.843 |
Lettuce |
Water control |
0 |
474.83 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
499.57 |
5.2+ |
0.674 |
Tomato |
Water control |
0 |
776.53 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
808.27 |
4.1+ |
0.687 |
Oat |
Water control |
0 |
1032.0 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
1033.4 |
0.1+ |
0.973 |
Onion |
Water control |
0 |
159.65 |
0 |
|
|
Test item |
1000 |
160.28 |
0.4+ |
0.952 |
p values are for the comparison with water control using the t-test; 0: No reduction
Validity Criteria
Table 4: Validity criteria for OECD 208
Criterion from the guideline |
Outcome |
Validity criterion fulfilled |
Seedling emergence is at least 70% |
100% |
Yes |
Seedlings do not exhibit visible phytotoxic effects and the plants exhibit only normal variation in growth and morphology for that particular species |
No effects were observed |
Yes |
mean survival of emerged control seedlings is at least 90% for the duration of the study |
>90% |
Yes |
environmental conditions for a particular species are identical and growing media contain the same amount of soil matrix, support media, or substrate from the same source |
Yes |
Yes |
Description of key information
NOEC (21 d) ≥1000 mg/kg dry soil (Seeding emergence, OECD 208, all tested species, nominal)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
- 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
The effects of Reaction mass of 1,1'-(isopropylidene)bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropoxy)benzene] and 1,3-dibromo-2-(2,3-dibromo-2-methylpropoxy)-5-{2-[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3,3-tribromo-2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl}benzene (EC 944-461-4) to plants was investigated in a seedling emergence and seedling growth study by Taylor (2018) according to OECD guideline 208 and GLP. The test was performed with four Dicotyledons (Brassica oleracea, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum) and two Monocotyledons (Avena sativa and Allium cepa). Based on the results of a range-finding test all plants were exposed to a single nominal concentration of 1000 mg/kg dry soil for 21 d. A total of 7 pots of three seeds each were sown for cabbage, carrot and lettuce, 10 pots of two seeds each for tomato and 5 pots of four seeds each for oat and onion for each application rate of the test item and the water controls. The soil used was a sandy loam, sieved to remove all particles > 2 mm. After application and sowing, the pots were checked daily and the numbers of emerged seedlings were recorded. Emergence, survival and sub-lethal effects were recorded daily up to a minimum of 50% emergence of control seedlings and thereafter every one to three days. Plants were harvested 14 - 18 days after 50% control germination, giving a total exposure period of 21 days for all species. The height of each individual plant was then measured before the plants were weighed to obtain a measurement of wet weight. Analytical verification of the concentration was provided by the recorded weights of the test item added to the soil. Statistical analysis of data was performed to obtain NOEC, LOEC and EC50 values for germination, survival, height and biomass (wet weight), using the SAS 9.1.3 program for statistical analysis (SAS Institute Inc. 2002). Since no effects were observed in any plant and for any parameter, the overall NOEC was observed to be ≥1000 mg/kg dry soil.
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