Benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Data from study report

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

test performed as per OECD Guideline No.211

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No data available

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Details on sampling:

No data available

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

No data available

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

Details on test organisms
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Water flea
- Strain: Not applicable
- Source: National Institute for environmental studies (Tsukuba, Japan).
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 24 hrs old
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): No data available
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): No data available
- Valve height at study initiation, for shell deposition study (mean and range, SD): No data available
- Peripheral shell growth removed prior to test initiation: No data available
- Method of breeding: No data available
- Feeding during test: No data available
- Food type: No data available
- Amount: No data available
- Frequency: No data available

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 2 month
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): No data available
- Type and amount of food: No data available
- Feeding frequency: No data available
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): No data available

QUARANTINE (wild caught)
- Duration: No data available
- Health/mortality: No data available

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Post exposure observation period:

No data available

Hardness:

No data available

Test temperature:

No data available

pH:

No data available

Dissolved oxygen:

No data available

Salinity:

No data available

Nominal and measured concentrations:

six nominal concentrations were used.

Details on test conditions:

Details on test conditions
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Test tubes
- Type (delete if not applicable): No data available
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 20 ml Test tubes were used
- Aeration: No data available
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): No data available
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): every 48 hrs
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): No data available
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): No data available
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): No data available
- Biomass loading rate: No data available

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: No data available
- Total organic carbon: No data available
- Particulate matter: No data available
- Metals: No data available
- Pesticides: No data available
- Chlorine: No data available
- Alkalinity: No data available
- Ca/mg ratio: No data available
- Conductivity: No data available
- Culture medium different from test medium: No data available
- Intervals of water quality measurement: No data available

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: No data available
- Photoperiod: No data available
- Light intensity: No data available

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : No data available

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: No data available
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: No data available
- Range finding study No data available
- Test concentrations: 6 concentrations were used
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: No data available

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

0.84 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Immobilized bodies and cumulative numbers of broods

Remarks on result:

other: six concentration but values were not specified

Details on results:

No data available

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No data available

Reported statistics and error estimates:

No data available

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The NOEC value for benzylparaben (94-18-8) to Daphnia magna was found to be 0.84 mg/l concentration.

Executive summary:

The long term toxicity test was performed on Daphnia magna for 21 days according to the OECD guideline 211. 20 ml test tubes were used as a vessel with different concentrations in which 1 larva at each test tubes were kept for experiment. After 48 hrs test water were replaced and count the cumulative numbers of broods. Based on that both Immobilized bodies and cumulative numbers of broods NOEC was determined.On the basis of above experiment the NOEC value for benzylparaben (94-18-8) to Daphnia magna was found to be 0.84 mg/l concentration.

Description of key information

The long term toxicity test was performed on Daphnia magna for 21 days according to the OECD guideline 211. 20 ml test tubes were used as a vessel with different concentrations in which 1 larva at each test tubes were kept for experiment. After 48 hrs test water were replaced and count the cumulative numbers of broods. Based on that both Immobilized bodies and cumulative numbers of broods NOEC was determined. On the basis of above experiment the NOEC value for benzylparaben (94-18-8) to Daphnia magna was found to be 0.84 mg/l concentration.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

0.84 mg/L

Additional information

Various studies were reviewed along with the prediction data to evaluate the effect of the test compound on long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. These are summarized as follows:

 

The long term toxicity test (Preliminary ecological risk assessment of butylparaben and benzylparaben-1 Removal efficiency in wastewater treatment, acute/chronic toxicity for aquatic organisms, and effects on Medeka gene expression, 2007) was performed on Daphnia magna for 21 days according to the OECD guideline 211. 20 ml test tubes were used as a vessel with different concentrations in which 1 larva at each test tubes were kept for experiment. After 48 hrs test water were replaced and count the cumulative numbers of broods. Based on that both Immobilized bodies and cumulative numbers of broods NOEC was determined.On the basis of above experiment the NOEC value for benzylparaben (94-18-8) to Daphnia magna was found to be 0.84 mg/l concentration.

 

Long term toxicity (probabilistic ecological hazard assessment of parabens using daphnia magna and pimephales promelas, 2009) to Daphnia Magna was studied for 10 days at different concentrations. Neonates were used and Half of the LC50 determined from the acute test was used as the highest subchronic exposure concentration; a 0.5 dilution factor was then applied to prepare the remaining concentrations.

10 replicates with one Daphnia was applied to each concentration were fed during study. Daily observed for mortality and number of neonates.

So, on the basis of above result the endpoint for benzylparaben (94-18-8) long term toxicity to Daphnia Magna was found to be LOEC at 2 mg/L and 0.1 mg/l concentrations based on reproduction and growth.

 

From Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach, 2011. Long term toxicity test was performed on daphnia for 21 days. After experiment the end point for the long term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates for benzylparaben (94-18-8) was found to be NOEC at 0.84 mg/l concentration.

 

From Hiroshi Yamamoto, Ikumi Tamura, Yoshiko Hirata, Jun Kato, Keiichiro Kagota , Shota Katsuki ,Atsushi Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Kagami, Norihisa Tatarazako, 2011, The Long term toxicity test was performed on daphnia for 10 days. After experiment the end point for the long term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates for benzylparaben (94-18-8) was found to be LOEC at 0.1 mg/l concentration.

 

From above mentioned supporting studies the target chemical benzylparaben (CAS No 94-18-8), the majority values are indicative that the chemical is likely to causeaquatic invertebratestoxicity.