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EC number: 205-463-4 | CAS number: 141-16-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 10 June - 27 July 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 2006, corrected 2011
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2016
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: control and all test concentrations
- Sampling method: duplicate samples without algae were taken from the test media of all test concentrations and the control at the start of the test and duplicate stability samples with algae were taken, after 24 and 48 hours and at the end of the test (72 hours)
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: storage at -20 °C - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: The test item was mixed in test water at a loading rate of 100 mg/L, and was intensively stirred for 3 hours. After stirring the emulsion was filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter. The undiluted filtrate and the dilutions 1:2.2, 1:4.6, 1:10, and 1:22 of the filtrate were used as test media.
- Controls: blank water control - Test organisms (species):
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater microalga
- Strain: Strain No. 61.81 SAG
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 4 days
- Method of cultivation: The algae were cultivated under standardized conditions according to the test guidelines
ACCLIMATION
- Culturing media and conditions: same as test - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Hardness:
- 15 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 23 °C
- pH:
- 7.9 - 8.2 (control)
7.9 - 8.2 (test concentrations) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: control, 1:22 dilution, 1:10 dilution, 1:4.6 dilution, 1:2.2 dilution, undiluted filtrate (loading rate of 100 mg/L)
geometric mean measured: < 0.069 mg/L, n/a, 0.043 mg/L, 0.052 mg/L, 0.063 mg/L, 0.16 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
Test vessel:
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Erlenmeyer flasks nearly completely filled (without headspace) with 60 mL test medium and tightly sealed with
glass stoppers
- Aeration: no
- Initial cells density: 5000 cells/mL (corresponding to 1.19 x 10^4 relative fluorescence units)
- Control end cells density: 119.0 x 10^4 relative fluorescence units
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5000 cells/mL.
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes (AAP medium)
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: prepared according to the test guidelines, but modified according to the International Standard ISO 14442 [2] as a closed test system was applied. The concentration of NaHCO3 was increased by 200 mg/L to 250 mg/L (as carbon source for the algal growth), and 6 mmol/L HEPES-buffer (corresponding to 1430 mg/L) were added to keep the pH of the test media as constant as possible.
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Photoperiod: continuous light
- Light intensity and quality: LED light; intensity approximately 67 μE s-1m-2 (range: 64 to 69 μE s-1m-2)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: fluorescence measurement
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: control, dilution 1:20, dilution 1:5, undiluted filtrate
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: EC50 > Undiluted Filtrate in range finding study - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 0.16 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.10
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 0.12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.11 - 0.12
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 0.062 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.059 - 0.065
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.083 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.076 - 0.088
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.048 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 0.045 - 0.052
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.043 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.043 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.052 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.052 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control: yes
- Other: Biological and analytical results are summarized within the section "Any other information on results incl.tables" - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- EC50 (72 h) for growth rate: 1.0 mg/L (range recommended by the guideline: 0.92-1.46 mg/L) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The 72-hour EC10, EC20 and EC50 values for the inhibition of average growth rate and yield and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated as far as possible by Probit Analysis using linear maximum likelihood regression. For the determination of the LOEC and NOEC, the average growth rate and yield at the test concentrations were compared to the control values by the Williams t-test. Statistical analysis was performed using ToxRat Professional®.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The study with the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata resulted in an measured ErC50 (72 h) of > 0.16 mg/L and an ErC10 value 0.083 mg/L. The NOEC was determined to be 0.043 mg/L.
The results are based on geometric mean measured concentrations of the test item.
Reference
Table 1: Biomass of Algae
Treatment/ Dilution |
Mean Measured Test Item Concentration [mg/L] |
Repl. No. |
Biomass of Algae* |
||
24 Hours |
48 Hours |
72 Hours |
|||
Control |
1 |
4.2 |
27.1 |
113.1 |
|
2 |
4.6 |
26.2 |
122.6 |
||
3 |
4.0 |
24.1 |
119.4 |
||
4 |
3.9 |
27.2 |
114.1 |
||
5 |
4.1 |
27.6 |
121.3 |
||
6 |
3.7 |
25.3 |
123.6 |
||
Mean |
4.1 |
26.3 |
119.0 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
1.3 |
4.4 |
||
1:22 |
n.a. |
1 |
3.6 |
27.9 |
116.5 |
2 |
4.0 |
29.1 |
119.0 |
||
3 |
2.9 |
24.5 |
130.1 |
||
Mean |
3.5 |
27.2 |
121.9 |
||
SD |
0.6 |
2.4 |
7.2 |
||
1:10 |
0.043 |
1 |
3.7 |
25.2 |
119.8 |
2 |
4.4 |
25.4 |
122.9 |
||
3 |
3.3 |
25.8 |
122.4 |
||
Mean |
3.8 |
25.4 |
121.7 |
||
SD |
0.6 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
||
1:4.6 |
0.052 |
1 |
3.8 |
26.0 |
110.7 |
2 |
3.0 |
24.5 |
97.2 |
||
3 |
3.7 |
22.6 |
96.7 |
||
Mean |
3.5 |
24.4 |
101.5 |
||
SD |
0.4 |
1.7 |
7.9 |
||
1:2.2 |
0.063 |
1 |
3.9 |
20.9 |
90.1 |
2 |
2.6 |
21.7 |
93.4 |
||
3 |
2.9 |
21.7 |
91.5 |
||
Mean |
3.1 |
21.4 |
91.7 |
||
SD |
0.6 |
0.5 |
1.7 |
||
Undiluted Filtrate° |
0.16 |
1 |
1.7 |
4.2 |
23.5 |
2 |
1.1 |
5.0 |
27.8 |
||
3 |
1.0 |
3.9 |
21.6 |
||
Mean |
1.3 |
4.4 |
24.3 |
||
SD |
0.4 |
0.6 |
3.2 |
°: Undiluted filtrate of an equilibrated test item emulsion with a loading rate of 100 mg/L.
SD: Standard deviation
*: The biomass was determined by fluorescence measurement (mean of duplicate measurements per replicate) and is given as relative fluorescence units (x 104). At the start of the test, the initial cell density was 5000 algal cells/mL, corresponding to 1.19 x 104 relative fluorescence units.
Table 2: Analytical Results for Test Samples
Sampling Day / Age of Sample [d/h] |
Dilution Factor of Filtrate of Loading Rate 100 mg Test Item /L |
Measured Concentration of Test Item x [mg/L] |
Sample Preparation Factor F |
Determined Concentration of Test Item c [d/h] [mg/L] |
0/0 |
Control |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
(fresh) |
1:10-Diluted Filtrate |
0.0484 |
1.667 |
0.0807 |
|
1:4.6-Diluted Filtrate |
0.108 |
1.667 |
0.180 |
|
1:2.2-Diluted Filtrate |
0.223 |
1.667 |
0.372 |
|
Undiluted Filtrate |
0.460 |
1.667 |
0.767 |
1/24 |
Control |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
(aged) |
1:10-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:4.6-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:2.2-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
Undiluted Filtrate |
0.462 |
1.667 |
0.770 |
2/48 |
Control |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
(aged) |
1:10-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:4.6-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:2.2-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
Undiluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
3/72 |
Control |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
(aged) |
1:10-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:4.6-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
1:2.2-Diluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
|
Undiluted Filtrate |
n.d. |
1.667 |
<LOQ |
LOQ: 0.069 mg/L
n.d. = not detected
n.a. = not applicable
Table 3: Mean measured Concentrations based on the Analytical Results
Treatment Dilution |
Analytical Measured Concentration of the Test Item [mg/L] |
Mean Measured Concentration (Geometric Mean)* |
|||
0 hours |
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
[mg/L] |
|
Dilution 1:22 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
n.a. |
Dilution 1:10 |
0.081 |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
0.043 |
Dilution 1:4.6 |
0.18 |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
0.052 |
Dilution 1:2.2 |
0.37 |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
0.063 |
Undiluted Filtrate° |
0.77 |
0.77 |
<LOQ |
<LOQ |
0.16 |
°: Undiluted filtrate of an equilibrated test item emulsion with a loading rate of 100 mg/L
LOQ: Limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.069 mg test item/L)
*: If the measured concentration was below LOQ, half of the LOQ (½ LOQ =0.035 mg/L) was used to calculate the mean measured concentration
n.a.: Not analyzed since below NOEC determined in this test
Description of key information
ErC50 (72 h) > 0.16 mg/L (geometric mean measured concentration , OECD 201, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)
ErC10 (72 h) = 0.083 mg/L (geometric mean measured concentration, OECD 201, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.083 mg/L
Additional information
There is one GLP guideline study available, which determined the effects of the freshwater green algal species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in a 72-hour static test according to the OECD Guideline 201. As the test item is a volatile substance, the test was performed using glass tubes completely filled with test medium that were tightly sealed with glass stoppers to avoid losses of test item by evaporation. Due to the low water solubility of the test item, the test media were prepared following the filtration method. Therefore the test item was mixed in test water at a loading rate of 100 mg/L, and was intensively stirred for 3 hours. After stirring the emulsion was filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane filter. The undiluted filtrate and the dilutions 1:2.2, 1:4.6, 1:10, and 1:22 of the filtrate were used as test media. The concentrations of the test item were analytically verified by HPLC-UV analysis. The analytical measurements from test media at the start of the test show the correct preparation of the test media. During the first 24 and 48 hours test period the test item concentrations in the test media decreased below the Limit of Quantification. Due to the decrease of the test item concentrations during the test period of 72 hours, the biological results were related to the mean measured concentrations. The mean measured concentrations were calculated as the geometric mean of the concentrations measured at all sampling dates (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours). Since the inhibition of growth rate was only 34.6 % at the highest test item concentration of 0.16 mg/L (undiluted filtrate) the ErC50 (72 h) was > 0.16 mg/L and the corresponding NOErC (72 h) was 0.043 mg/L. The ErC10 (72 h) was at 0.083 mg/L.
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