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EC number: 231-943-8 | CAS number: 7779-88-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Acute Toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not applicable
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Relative toxicity of inhaled metal sulfate salts for pulmonary macrophages
- Author:
- Skornik WA & Brain JD
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128: 297-303
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Since the pulmonary macrophages are responsible for particle clearance, toxicity of test materials can be assessed by their ability to affect the phagocytic clearance capacity of pulmonary macrophages . This was measured in terms of macrophage endocytosis of colloidal gold particles instilled intra-tracheally in Syrian hamsters after 4 h exposure to a range of concentrations of the test material.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Test type:
- other: Pulmonary study
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Zinc sulphate
- EC Number:
- 231-793-3
- EC Name:
- Zinc sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 7733-02-0
- Molecular formula:
- H2O4S.Zn
- IUPAC Name:
- zinc sulfate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Zinc sulfate and ZnSO4
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- hamster, Syrian
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Wilmington, MA
- Age at study initiation: 3-5 months
- Weight at study initiation: 90-110 g
- Housing: Individually in wire cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Rat Chow, ad libitum
- Water: Ad libitum
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: water
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: Open wire mesh, stainless steel and Lucite exposure chamber
- Exposure chamber volume: 170 L
- Source and rate of air: Air, which passed through a charcoal and particulate filter was used at 0-70 L/min
- Method of conditioning air: Aerosol was passed through a 4 L drying and mixing chamber, to evaporate the water from primary droplets, resulting in dry particles in aerosol cloud
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: 6 jet Teflon Collison nebulizer (from BOl, Inc., Waltham, MA)
- Nebuliser incoming pressure: 22 psig
- Output rate: 15 L/min
- Capacity of nebuliser: 12.8 µL of solution was aerosolized by every jet air
- Method of particle size determination: Done using tagged particles (Technetium-99m) in a concentric channel centrifugal aerosol spectrometer
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 20 to 24 °C, 48 to 64 %
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used:
(a) Gravimetric analyses of pre-weighed filters were done using Mettler balance (Model HL52; Mettler Instrument Co., Princeton, NJ).
(b) Chemical analyses of sulfate ions were performed by extracting the sulfate ions from the filter by dissolving in water and shaking on a platform shaker. Then the extracted sample is treated with barium chloride to obtain a colloidal suspension of barium sulfate . The turbidity of the suspension is measured spectrophotometrically at 420 nm and the sulfate concentration was determined by comparing to standard Na2SO4 solutions. The concentration of sulfate in the chamber atmosphere was expressed as milligrams per cubic meter of sulfate ions.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: Yes (~240 L of air sampled over a 60 min period)
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.): 0.59 µm/1.46
- Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Sulfate analysis
- Duration of exposure:
- 4 h
- Concentrations:
- 0.8, 3.1, 6.5 and 20.3 mg/m3
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6-12 animals
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 48 h
- Frequency of observations and weighing: 1, 28 and 48 h
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes, anesthetised with sodium methohexital (0.52 g/kg bw), i.p.
- Other examinations performed:
(a) Morphologic studies: The pooled cells recovered in a total of 12 lung washings were centrifuged to form a pellet. The pellet was embedded in paraffin or Epon and sectioned for examination by light microscopy
(b) Effects of different concentrations of test material on pulmonary macrophage endocytosis and determination of EC50
(c) The numbers of pulmonary macrophages recovered by lung lavage
(d) Mean pulmonary macrophage volumes as a function of time after exposure: Estimated from cell volume distributions plotted from the Coulter Channelyser-1000 - Statistics:
- Statistical analysis of data was carried out using Linear regression and an iterative maximal likelihood method and differences between mean values were considered significant when P < 0.05.
Results and discussion
- Preliminary study:
- Not applicable
Effect levelsopen allclose all
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- other: Reduced macrophage phagocytosis
- Effect level:
- >= 3.1 mg/m³ air (analytical)
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC50
- Effect level:
- 4.5 mg/m³ air (analytical)
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Mortality:
- Not reported
- Clinical signs:
- other: Not applicable
- Body weight:
- Not applicable
- Gross pathology:
- Not applicable
- Other findings:
- - Other observations:
(a) Morphologic studies: 80 % of cells recovered from pulmonary lavage of exposed animals were always mononuclear. Red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, or ciliated cells were occasionally present in the lung washings.
(b) Effects of different concentrations of test material on pulmonary macrophage endocytosis and determination of EC50: See Table 1 & Figure 1.
(c) Numbers of pulmonary macrophages recovered by lung lavage: See Table 2.
(d) Mean pulmonary macrophage volumes as a function of time after exposure: See Table 3
(e) EC50 determination for decrease in phagocytosis: The potency of the metal ions was similar to that of sulfate ions.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Effects of zinc sulfate on percent of radiolabelled198AU colloid ingested in one hour#
SO42 -(mg/m3)
|
Hours after exposure |
||
1 |
24 |
48 |
|
0.0 (control) |
80.2 ± 1.8 % |
80.2 ± 1.8 % |
80.2 ± 1.8 % |
0.8 |
79.2 ± 2.1 |
82.3 ± 4.0 |
- |
3.1 |
55.2 ± 4.8* |
77.7 ± 3.7 |
75.6 ± 2.4 |
6.5 |
24.7 ± 7.5* |
65.7 ± 3.0* |
83.4 ± 4.1 |
20.3 |
5.8 ± 0.9* |
17.8 ± 3.7* |
- |
# = All values are expressed as mean ± standard error
* = Significant change from control hamsters exposed to filtered air (p ≤ 0.05)
The pulmonary effects of test material were measured in terms of gold (administered by intra-tracheal instillation) ingestion by macrophages and the results indicate its extent of alterations of pulmonary phagocytic defense mechanism.
For determination of EC50(concentration of test material to produce a 50 % decrease of phagocytosis) a dose-response curve was plotted by taking particle concentrations and the percent inhibition of macrophage endocytosis on the x and y axis respectively (See Figure 1)
Table 2: Effect of zinc sulfate on recoverable pulmonary macrophages (x 106)#
SO42-(mg/m3)
|
Hours after exposure |
||
1 |
24 |
48 |
|
0.0 (control) |
6.10 ± 0.19 |
6.10 ± 0.19 |
6.10 ± 0.19 |
0.8 |
7.53 ± 0.47 |
6.36 ± 0.30 |
- |
3.1 |
7.15 ± 0.39 |
5.87 ± 0.44 |
6.54 ± 0.99 |
6.5 |
5.19 ± 0.80 |
4.38 ± 0.71* |
8.65 ± 0.55* |
20.3 |
4.28 ± 0.30* |
6.25 ± 0.92 |
- |
# = All values are expressed as mean± standard error
* = Significant change from control hamsters exposed to filtered air (p ≤ 0.05)
Table 3: Effect of zinc sulfate at EC50(4.5 mg/m3) on pulmonary macrophage volume (µm3)
SO42-(mg/m3) |
Hours after exposure |
||
1 |
24 |
48 |
|
0.0 (control) |
771 ± 18 |
- |
- |
4.5 (ZnSo4) |
630 ± 18* |
680 ± 22* |
730 ± 20 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: expert judgment
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, macrophage endocytosis of particulates caused by the test material was significantly reduced at ≥ 3.1 mg/m3 with an EC50 value of 4.5 mg/m3 for sulfate ions (equivalent to zinc ions).
- Executive summary:
A study was performed to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of zinc sulfate aerosols on the phagocytosis of insoluble particles by pulmonary macrophages in hamsters.
Male Syrian golden hamsters were exposed for 4 h to 0.8-20.3 mg/m3of ZnSO4 aerosols, followed by intratracheal instillation of insoluble gold colloid particles. Following gold instillation, the lungs were lavaged with physiological saline (0.85 NaCI) and aliquots of 12 lung washes were observed for cell and radioactive analyses. The parameters observed included macrophage endocytosis, numbers of pulmonary macrophages recovered by lung lavage and mean pulmonary macrophage volumes as a function of time. The concentration of aerosol causing a 50% inhibition in pulmonary macrophage endocytosis (EC50) was also determined.
Reduced macrophage endocytosis of test particles at ≥ 3.1 mg/m3and pulmonary macrophage volume was observed after one hour of exposure. The macrophage numbers were increased at low concentration, followed by depression at higher concentration. The concentration of test material that would produce a 50 % decrease in phagocytosis (EC50) was determined to be 4.5 mg/m3.
Under the test conditions, macrophage endocytosis of particulates caused by the test material was significantly reduced at ≥ 3.1 mg/m3 with an EC50value of 4.5 mg/m3 for sulfate ions (equivalent to zinc ions) mg/m3of sulfate ions (equivalent to zinc ions).
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