Aluminum, dross

Basic toxicokinetics

Administrative data

Endpoint:

basic toxicokinetics

Type of information:

other: review

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Data source

Reference

Reference 1

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

Occupational aluminum exposure and its health effects.

Author:

Sjögren, B.; Elinder, CG.; Iregren, A.; McLachlan, DRC.; Riihimaki, V.

Year:

1997

Bibliographic source:

Yokel, RA.; Golub, MS., editors. Aluminum Toxicity. Washington DC.: Taylor & Francis; 1997. p. 165-183.

Reference 2

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

Effect of different exposure compounds on urinary kinetics of aluminum and fluoride in industrially exposed workers

Author:

Pierre F., Baruthio F., Diebold F., Biette P.

Year:

1995

Bibliographic source:

Occup Environ Med 1995;52: p.396–403

Reference 3

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

Serum and urinary aluminium levels of workers in the aluminium industry.

Author:

Gitelman HJ, Alderman FR, Kurs-Lasky M, Rockette HE.

Year:

1995

Bibliographic source:

Ann Occup Hyg 1995;39: p.181–191.

Reference 4

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update.

Author:

Priest ND

Year:

2004

Bibliographic source:

J Environ Monitor 2004; 6: p. 375–403.

Reference 5

Reference Type:

review article or handbook

Title:

Human metabolism of aluminium-26 and gallium-67 injected as citrates.

Author:

Priest ND, Newton D, Day JP, Talbot RJ, Warner AJ.

Year:

1995

Bibliographic source:

Hum Exp Toxicol 1995;14: p.287–293.

Materials and methods

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Aluminium

EC Number:

231-072-3

EC Name:

Aluminium

Cas Number:

7429-90-5

Molecular formula:

Al

IUPAC Name:

aluminium

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information): low bioaccumulation potential based on study results
The only data from which one can estimate the percentage of aluminium absorbed from inhalation exposure is from exposures in the occupational environment. As the percentage of aluminium estimated to be absorbed during inhalation exposure is greater than from oral aluminium intake, it seems unlikely that absorption from the GI tract accounts for the absorption of all inhaled aluminium.
The absorption of aluminium from the lung can be estimated from a few studies of occupational aluminium exposure. Daily urinary aluminium excretion by 12 aluminium welders, whose lung aluminium burden may have been approaching a steady state, averaged 0.1 mg. Daily aluminium deposition into their lungs was estimated to be 4.2 mg. This would suggest absorption of ~ 2.4% of the aluminium (Sjögren et al., 1997).
Results from workers exposed to ~ 0.2 to 0.5 mg soluble Al/m3 in the air (particle size not described) suggest ~ 2% absorption (Pierre et al., 1995). Fractional absorption was similar in the workers in a second study who were exposed to a similar air aluminium concentration containing 25% respirable (< 10 μm diameter) aluminium (Gitelman et al., 1995) The estimate of 26Al absorption from inhalation of 26Al oxide particles which had a MMAD of 1.2 μm by two subjects was 1.9% (Priest, 2004).

Executive summary:

The only data from which one can estimate the percentage of aluminium absorbed from inhalation exposure is from exposures in the occupational environment. As the percentage of aluminium estimated to be absorbed during inhalation exposure is greater than from oral aluminium intake, it seems unlikely that absorption from the GI tract accounts for the absorption of all inhaled aluminium.

The absorption of aluminium from the lung can be estimated from a few studies of occupational aluminium exposure. Daily urinary aluminium excretion by 12 aluminium welders, whose lung aluminium burden may have been approaching a steady state, averaged 0.1 mg. Daily aluminium deposition into their lungs was estimated to be 4.2 mg. This would suggest absorption of ~ 2.4% of the aluminium (Sjögren et al., 1997).

Results from workers exposed to ~ 0.2 to 0.5 mg soluble Al/m3 in the air (particle size not described) suggest ~ 2% absorption (Pierre et al., 1995). Fractional absorption was similar in the workers in a second study who were exposed to a similar air aluminium concentration containing 25% respirable (< 10 μm diameter) aluminium (Gitelman et al., 1995) The estimate of²⁶Al absorption from inhalation of²⁶Al oxide particles which had a MMAD of 1.2 μm by two subjects was 1.9% (Priest, 2004).