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EC number: 260-829-0 | CAS number: 57583-35-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Dimethyltin Dichloride: Investigations into its Gastrointestinal Absorption and Transplacental Transfer
- Author:
- Noland. E.A., P.T. McCauley and R.J. Bull
- Year:
- 1 983
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Heealth, 12:89-98
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- absorption
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In Phase I the female animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups, two of which received the test compounds in their drinking water. The exposure began 2 weeks prior to breeding and continued through breeding and gestation. At birth and prior to the first nursing, the pups were removed from the dam.
In Phase II, a cross-fostering study was conducted. Except for the omission of the stannous chloride group, the animals were treated as in Phase 1.
In Phase III, a tracer study, 19-d pregnant dams were dosed by stomach tube. Dams were sacrificed by decapitation. The fetuses were removed in order to take their blood and brain samples. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Dimethyltin dichloride
- EC Number:
- 212-039-2
- EC Name:
- Dimethyltin dichloride
- Cas Number:
- 753-73-1
- Molecular formula:
- C2H6Cl2Sn
- IUPAC Name:
- dimethyltin dichloride
- Reference substance name:
- Stannae, dichlorodimethyl-
- IUPAC Name:
- Stannae, dichlorodimethyl-
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): dimethyltin dichloride
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): C2H6Cl2Sn
- Molecular weight (if other than submission substance): 219.67 g/mol
- Smiles notation (if other than submission substance): C[Sn](C)(CL)CL
- Stability under test conditions: stable
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles Rivers breeding laboratory
- Age at study initiation: 70 days at arrival
- Housing: one per cage with sawdust bedding
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Chow; ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 deg C
- Humidity (%): 54%
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: Phase 1: drinking water ; Phase II: drinking water; Phase III: gavage
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Phase II and II- drinking water; Phase III- 0.9 M NaCl solution containing 100 uCi DMDC/L
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Phase I and II- drinking water; Phase III- NaCl
- Concentration in vehicle: 0.9 M NaCl solution containing 100 uCi DMDC/L
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 0.8 mL/100 g bw
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Phase I and II- 2 weeks prior to breeding and continued through breeding and gestation.
Phase III- 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h and 24 h
Phase I and II- in drinking water
Phase III- single dose
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
40 mg tin/L in solution as dimethyltin dichloride
Nominal in water
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- Phase I and II- 13 females
Phase III- 28 females - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control reference chemical:
- Not applicable
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: data from previously conducted tests
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): random
- Details on dosing and sampling:
- Phase I and II- Since there was no method available specific for measurement of organotin in biological fluids, the tissues were analyzed for total tin content. The tissues were analyzed for tin by flameless atomic absorption technology. The determinations were performed on a Perkin-Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer model 305A, euipped with an electrodeless discharge lamp, model HGA2100 grpahite furnace control, model HGA 74 graphite furnace, model AS1 autosampler, and a model 56 2-mV recorder. The samples were prepared for analysis by digestion in nitric acid and perchloric acid on a hotplate. To minimize interferences, the samples were treated with ammonium molybdate and then analyzed by the method of standard additions. Phase III- Brains and 5-mL blood samples were taken for analysis. The fetuses were removed in order to take their brain and blood samples. Four samples from each litter were pooled to make one composite sample. Samples were prepared for counting via oxidation in a Packard Model B0306 sample oxidizer with 3 mL OXI-SCINT and 17 mL OXI-AMIN scintillation fluid. Samples were counted in a Beckman Model LS8100 scinitillation counter. All samples were adjusted for quench and normalized.
Examinations
Maternal examinations
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: throughout study
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: throughout the study
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice - prior to first nursing
- Organs examined: brain and blood samples
Fetal examinations
Blood samples were taken by carotid artery puncture and brains were remved - Statistics:
- Data for the first phase were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, and the means were compared with a non-parametric multiple comparisons procedure based on Kruskal-Wallis ranked sums (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973) Data for the cross-fostering phase were analyzed using an anlysis of variance (ANOVA) (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973). Drinking water consumption data were analyzed using a two-way nested ANOVA.
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- Not applicable
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- Phase I- In the dam's blood there were significant differences among dosage groups. The tin content of blood from the test substance was significantly higher than that of the controls. Dams drank significantly less than controls.
Phase II- The level of tin in the blood of dams was significantly higher than the controls.
Phase III- The highest measured level of label in the dam blood was recorded at 1 h, while the level in the brain continued to increase through 24 h when measurements were stopped.
Phase I- The tin content in blood from pups of dams given the test substance was significantly higher than blood from control pups.
The tin content from the brains of pups of dams administered the test substance was significantly higher than controls.
Phase II- The highest levels of tin in blood at any time in any age group were demostrated at birth in gestationally exposed animals. By 10 d postnatal age, blood tin levels decreased rapidly in both prenatally exposed groups. Pups exposed only postnatally (CT/DM)had blood levels of tin significantly lower than the DM/DM and the DM/CT animals. Tin levels in the brains of prenatally exposed pups were again highest at birth and different from controls. At 10 d, the DM/DM pups demostrated significantly higher levels of tin in the brain than the other groups. The DM/CT group was also different from the other groups. At 21 d, the DM/DM group was significantly higher than the CT/DM group, which was higher than either the CT/CT or DM/CT group.
Phase III- The label in pup blood reached its highest measured level at 6 h, and in the brain the highest concentration measured was the last sample taken at 24 h after exposure. The level of DPM/g in dam brain at 24 h post dosing were equivalent to DPM/g in pup brain at 6 h post dose. - Details on distribution in tissues:
- Phase III- The highest measured level of label in the dam blood was recorded at 1 h, while the level in the brain continued to increase through 24 h when measurements were stopped.
Phase I- The tin content from the brains of pups of dams administered the test substance was significantly higher than controls.
Phase II- Tin levels in the brains of prenatally exposed pups were again highest at birth and different from controls. At 10 d, the DM/DM pups demostrated significantly higher levels of tin in the brain than the other groups. The DM/CT group was also different from the other groups. At 21 d, the DM/DM group was significantly higher than the CT/DM group, which was higher than either the CT/CT or DM/CT group.
Phase III- The label in pup blood reached its highest measured level at 6 h, and in the brain the highest concentration measured was the last sample taken at 24 h after exposure. The level of DPM/g in dam brain at 24 h post dosing were equivalent to DPM/g in pup brain at 6 h post dose.
Transfer into organsopen allclose all
- Test no.:
- #1
- Transfer type:
- blood/placenta barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- The tin content in blood from pups of dams given dimethyltin chloride was significantly higher than blood from the other groups.
- Test no.:
- #1
- Transfer type:
- blood/brain barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- The tin content from the brains of pups of dams was significantly higher the other groups.
- Test no.:
- #2
- Transfer type:
- blood/placenta barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- The highest levels of tin in blood at any time were demonstrated at birth in gestationally exposed animals.
- Test no.:
- #2
- Transfer type:
- blood/brain barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- Tin levels in the brains of prenatally exposed pups were highest at birth and different from controls.
- Test no.:
- #3
- Transfer type:
- blood/placenta barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- The label in the pup blood reached its highest measured level at 6 h.
- Test no.:
- #3
- Transfer type:
- blood/brain barrier
- Observation:
- distinct transfer
- Remarks:
- The label in the pup brain reached its highest concentration measured at 24 h.
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- not measured
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The results of this study have demostrated that tin from dimethyltin dichloride is absorbed by the rat dam, undergoes transplacental transfer, and arrives in the brain of the prenatal animal. From this data it can be inferred that the methyl substitution on the tin enhances the gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent transplacental transfer of tin.
The cross-fostering experiment demonstrates that the bulk of the tin is transferred from the pups prenatally. There is a 50% decrease in the amount of tin in the blood of the DM/DM pups 10 d after birth, and another 50% decrease from that level at 21 d, despite the increased water consumption of the dam. The level of tin in the brain of gestationally exposed pups was highest at birth. During the postnatal period, the tin from dimethyltin follows roughly the same pattern of decreasing concentration in pup brain and pup blood.
When the test substance was administered by intubation, the label was readily absorbed into both dam blood and brain and fetal blood and brain. However, at 6 h post dosing, fetal blood 14 C levels are only 16% of dam blood levels, yet fetal brain 14C levels are 167% of dam brain 14C concentrations.
This study shows that dimethyltin dichloride is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the dam much more rapidly than Sn2+, and consequently that higher concentrations of tin are found in pup blood and brain from dimethyltin dichloride than from Sn2+ dosing. And that the majority of the tin received as dimethyltin is transferred to the pups during gestation rather than lactation. Dosing of the dam results in both tin and methyl carbon absorption by the dam , transplacental transfer to fetal blood, and localization in fetal brain. - Executive summary:
Studies were conducted with female Sprague-Dawley rats to determine whether dimethyltin dichloride was absorbed by the dam and transferred across the placenta to fetal blood and brain tissue. This was accomplished in three phases: 1- a comparison of absorption of organic and inorganic tin from drinking water; 2- a comparison of prenatal and postnatal levels of tin in the pups in cross-fostering studies and; 3- a14C dimethyltin dichloride tracer study to determine whether organic tin passed to the pup intact. Major findings included: the organic test substance is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the dam much more rapidly than Sn2 +. The more rapid absorption of the test substance results in higher concentration of tin in fetal blood and brain. In fetuses that receive tin as the dimethyltin dichloride, both tin and the methyl carbon are absorbed by the dam and transferred to the blood and brain of the fetuses
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