Lead sulfochromate yellow

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro DNA damage and/or repair study

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: DNA damage and/or repair

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: scientifically acceptable publication

Data source

Reference

Reference 1

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Cytotoxic and clastongenic effects of soluble and insoluble compounds containing hexavalent and trivalent chromium.

Author:

Levis AG and Majone F

Year:

1981

Bibliographic source:

Br J Cancer 44: 219-235

Reference 2

Reference Type:

secondary source

Title:

No information

Author:

IARC Monographs

Year:

1990

Bibliographic source:

Chromium and Chromium compounds. Vol. 49, WHO, Geneva (Switzerland)

Materials and methods

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method: Levis AG et al. (1979), Br J Cancer 40: 523

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

other: in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

chromium yellow

IUPAC Name:

chromium yellow

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): chromium Yellow (industrial pigment kindly supplied by Dr Cesare Maltoni (Istituto di Oncologia "Felice Addarii", Bologna, Italy)
- Analytical purity: not specified
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): see bellow
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: PbCrO4 (41-85%); PbSO4 (4-45%); Si02 (0.1-3%); Al2O3 (2-6%)

Method

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

other: CHO-Zellen

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

- Type and identity of media: Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% calf serum
- Properly maintained: yes

Metabolic activation:

without

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

0, 5, 25, 150 µg/mL

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: test subtance was directly given to the culture medium

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

cell culture medium

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

other: additional compounds were also tested showing negative results (Table 1)

Positive controls:

other: additional compounds were also tested showing positive results (Table 1)

Positive control substance:

other: see above

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium

DURATION
- Exposure duration: 32 hours in MEM (2 division cycles)
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 8 x 10E-5 M bromodeoxyuridine Sigma, St Louis, Mo., U.S.A.) was incorporated for 2 cell cycles (32 h) in CHO cell cultures, and then metaphase cells were prepared so that chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) were scored on the same cell preparations.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method:relative total growth; cell growth was estimated on the basis of the DNa+RNA content of treated cultures.

- no additional data

Results and discussion

Test results

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

positive

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

other: cell growth was 48% of control at concentration level of 150 µg/ml

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

other: additional compounds were also tested showing positive results (Table 1)

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds in CHO cell cultures

Treatment	Concentrations (µg/ml)	Cell growth (% of control)	Metaphases counted	Chromosome and chromatid aberrations per 100 metaphases	SCE/metaphase	t-values for SCE/metaphase (for comparison with control)	p-values smaller than
-	-	100	61	13.3	7.47±0.11	-	-
Chomium yellow (VI)	5	89	95	29.2	9.34±0.19	7.42	.0.001
	25	78	40	22.5	9.90±0.29	9.11	.0.001
	150	48	-	-	-	-	-
Chromium orange (VI)	5	100	75	25.0	9.36±0.25	6.50	.0.001
	25	93	30	26.7	10.47±0.29	11.66	.0.001
	150	56	-	-	-	-	-
Molybdenum orange (VI)	5	100	75	20.0	10.48±0.38	8.33	.0.001
	25	100	30	24.4	10.11±0.36	8.01	.0.001
	150	85	-	26.0	9.76±0.13	12.28	.0.001
Zinc yellow (VI)	5	73	75	28.6	13.14±1.10	10.11	.0.001
	25	29	30	-	-	-	-
	150	10	-	-	-	-	-
Potassium dichromate (VI)	0.3	83	64	32.5	12.84±0.51	10.08	.0.001
Neochromium (III)	5	100	30	20.0	7.46±0.22	0.05	.>0.7
	25	100	30	23.3	7.57±0.18	0.50	.>0.5
	150	100	30	26.7	7.62±0.22	0.69	.>0.4
Chromium alum (III)	5	100	40	15.0	7.21±0.18	1.25	>0.NR
	25	100	40	20.0	7.40±0.20	0.34	.>0.NR
	150	100	28	28.6	7.53±0.31	0.23	.>0.7
Chromite (III)	5	100	65	26.5	9.49±0.31	6.02	.0.001
	25	100	62	23.4	8.27±0.30	2.52	.0.02
	150	88	-	-	-	-	-
Chromium sulfate (III)	5	100	40	10.0	7.10±0.17	1.80	.>0.05
	25	100	40	22.5	7.45±0.27	0.79	.>0.4
	150	93	60	25.0	7.73±0.35	0.72	.>0.4
Chromium chloride (III)	50	95	34	29.4	7.20±0.41	0.81	.>0.4