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EC number: 295-396-7 | CAS number: 92045-14-2 A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation of crude petroleum. It consists predominantly of aliphatic, aromatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly higher than C25 and boiling above approximately 400°C (752°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to birds
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
In a key one-generation avian reproduction test (OECD 206; KS = 2), mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos; 5/sex/dose) were exposed to weathered North Slope crude oil (WEVC) at concentrations of 0; 200; 2000; and 20,000 mg WEVC/ kg diet ad libitum for 22 weeks. At 8 weeks animals were photostimulated to induce reproduction. Eggs were incubated and hatchlings were observed for two weeks. At the end of the study animals were sacrificed. Adult breeder parameters statistically measured included body weights, growth, feed consumption, feed wastage, clinical chemistry, haematology, and organ weights. Reproduction parameters measured included egg production, cracked eggs, set eggs, fertile eggs, viable eggs, eggs hatched, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength. Hatchling parameters evaluated were the number of 14 -day survivors, hatchling body weights, and 14-day survivor body weights.
Two female ducks died in the 200 and 20,000 mg WEVC/kg diet groups but based on necropsy these mortalities were deemed to not be substance-related. Chronic ingestion of diets containing up to 20,000 mg WEVC/kg diet did not cause overt mortality or grossly observable signs of toxicity to mallards. No adverse effects were noted in the ability of parental birds to produce viable embryos, and no apparent effects were seen on the hatchability of these eggs, or on the survival or fitness of the hatchlings. Slight reductions in eggshell thickness and strength were observed in the 20,000 mg/kg diet group; however, given the magnitude of the observed change, it is likely of minimal biological significance. It was determined that the No Observable Advers Effect Level (NOAEL) was 20,000 mg WEVC/kg diet (Stubblefield et al., 1995)
A number of supporting non-standard laboratory studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of Heavy Fuel Oil contamination on egg hatchability. Mallard duck (Ana platyrhynchos) eggs treated with 5 μl or more of Bunker C applied to the shells showed drastically reduced survival and hatching success reduced to 36% (KS = 2; Szaro,1979). Ducklings which hatched from coated eggs, however, showed no significant weight differences from controls.
Fewer eggs were produced by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to a single dose of 200 mg of Bunker C fuel oil in the first 4 days following its administration. Hatchability of the eggs was also drastically reduced but returned to normal after 4 days. The NOAEL was determined to be 100 mg Bunker C fuel oil (KS = 2; Grau et al., 1977).
Mallard ducks exposed to treatments of Bunker C fuel oil ranging from 1 to 12 mL/kg/ day for 28 days by gizzard applications showed no effects on mortality or body weight. The NOAEL was determined to be 12 mL/kg/day (KS = 2; Rocke et al., 1984).
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