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Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
98.74 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
25
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
2 468 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

According to ECHA Guidance – Chapter R8 (p25): “in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i.e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that the end route) in the case of oral-to inhalation extrapolation”. Therefore, as no data is available on oral or inhalation absorption, the oral absorption is estimated to 100% and the inhalation absorption to 100%. No correction factor is therefore applied.


Correction factor for differences in respiratory volume (rat/workers): 1/0.38


Correction factor for light activity at work : 6.7/10


Correction factor for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions : 7/5 (In the study, animals were exposed 7 days per week, and workers work 5 days per week).


NOAEC = NOAEL x (1/0.38) x (6.7/10) x 0.5 x 7/5 = 1000 x (1/0.38) x (6.7/10) x 7/5 = 2468 mg/m3

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
This factor is applied because the dose-descriptor starting point is a NOAEL.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on a subchronic study (90-day).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for inhalation.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
A factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining difference.
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
A factor of 5 is applied for worker DNELs.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The key study chosen for DNEL calculation is considered as a reliable study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No other assessment factor is applied.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
140 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
100
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
14 000 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The dermal and oral absorption are considered to be 100% and 10% respectively.


Correction factor for difference between human and experimental exposure conditions : 7/5 (In the study, animals were exposed 7 days per week, and workers work 5 days per week)


Corrected NOAEL = NOAEL (oral) x [oral absorption] / [dermal absorption] x 7/5 = 1000 x 100/10 x 7/5= 14000 mg/kg bw

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
This factor is applied because the dose-descriptor starting point is a NOAEL.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on a subchronic study (90-day).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
An allometric scaling factor of 4 must be applied because the key study was performed on rats.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
A factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining difference.
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
A factor of 5 is applied for worker DNELs.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The key study chosen for DNEL calculation is considered as a reliable study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No other assessment factor is applied.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
17.39 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
50
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
869 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

According to ECHA Guidance – Chapter R8 (p25): “in the absence of route-specific information on the starting route, to include a default factor of 2 (i.e. the absorption percentage for the starting route is half that the end route) in the case of oral-to inhalation extrapolation”. Therefore, as no data is available on oral or inhalation absorption, the oral absorption is estimated to 100% and the inhalation absorption to 100%. Therefore, no correction factor is required.


NOAEC = NOAEL x (1/1.15) = 869 mg/m3

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
This factor is applied because the dose-descriptor starting point is a NOAEL.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on a subchronic study (9-day).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for inhalation.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
A factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining difference.
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
A factor of 10 is applied for the general population DNELs.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The key study chosen for DNEL calculation is considered as a reliable study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No other assessment factor is applied.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
50 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
10 000 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

 


 The dermal and oral absorption are considered to be 100% and 10% respectively.


Corrected NOAEL = oral NOAEL x 100 / 10 = 1000 x 100/10 = 10 000 mg/kg

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
This factor is applied because the dose-descriptor starting point is a NOAEL.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on a subchronic study (90-day).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
An allometric scaling factor of 4 must be applied because the key study was performed on rats.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
A factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining difference.
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
A factor of 10 is applied for the general population DNELs.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The key study chosen for DNEL calculation is considered as a reliable study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No other assessment factor is applied.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
5 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
1 000 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

No difference in oral absorption is expected between rats and humans. 

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
This factor is applied because the dose-descriptor starting point is a NOAEL.
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on a subchronic study (90-day).
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
An allometric scaling factor of 4 must be applied because the key study was performed on rats.
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
A factor of 2.5 is applied for remaining difference.
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
A factor of 10 is applied for the general population DNELs.
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The key study chosen for DNEL calculation is considered as a reliable study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No other assessment factor is applied.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population