1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the EU RAR.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EU Risk Assessment

GLP compliance:

not specified

EU Risk Assessment (2003):

 

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to 5.3.1, rel other, EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 1/2).

Executive summary:

EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 2/2):

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to "5.3.1, other, EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 1/2)".

Reference 2

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: EU Risk Assessment

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the EU RAR.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EU Risk Assessment

GLP compliance:

not specified

EU Risk Assessment (2003):

 

Conclusion on bioaccumulation

1,2,4-TCB has a log Kow of 4.05 indicating a bioaccumulation potential. This was confirmed by several tests on different fish species and other aquatic species. The bioconcentration factor BCF for fish/water (whole body) is according to the realistic worstcase concept approximately 2000.

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The log Kow is >3 indicating that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may occur. In a number of bioaccumulation studies, the bioconcentration factor values (BCF) values observed in fish ranged from 120 (MITI, 1992) to 3200 (Oliver and Niimi, 1983). Comparatively, the QSAR estimated BCF (fish) are 250 according to EPIWIN, and 600 according to Bintein. Finally, according to the equation recommended in the TGD the estimated BCF (fish) is 550.

 

Carlson and Kosian (1987) and Freitag et al. (1985) derived BCF values in fish of 410 and 490 in short-term tests of 4 and 3 days, respectively. These BCF values are not considered valid because steady state had not been reached (cf. OECD TG 301E).

 

The rainbow trout exposed for 119 days in a flow through system at 3.2 ng/l showed a bioconcentration factor of 1,300 while exposed to water containing 52 ng/l for 105 days showed a BCF of 3,200 (Oliver and Niimi, 1983). The ng/l concentration level was chosen as this concentration was observed in water and effluents of the Great Lakes in.

 

In the study on juvenile American flagfish (Jordanella floridae) exposed to 3.8µg/l for 28 days followed by a depuration period of 5-7 days, the elimination time half-life was estimated to be 1.21 days and the whole fish bioconcentration factor 2,026 (Smith et al., 1990).

 

The bioaccumulation from water and food sources was studied in the marine fish Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) in a 28-day flow through study (Heitmüller and Clark, 1989). The measured concentration in water was about 8.5µg/l. Fish exposed to TCB in water and given no food resulted in a BCF of 69. Fish fed with unexposed food showed a BCF of 135. If the food (pink shrimp, Panaeus duorarum), previously exposed to TCB for 12 days, was available the fish BCF was 122. Thus, 1,2,4-TCB was accumulated from contaminated water and the accumulation from contaminated food was negligible (Heitmüller and Clark, 1989). The depuration half-life was estimated to be 0.2 days.

 

The study on Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was performed as a semi-static test (renewal every other day) almost following OECD TG 305 B. The concentrations were measured initially and at water changes. After 48 hours, 50-90 % remained in the glass plate covered aquaria. The values presented in the table above are average values. The BCF increased at reduced concentration levels (Ballhorn et al., 1984).

 

The daphnia continuously exposed to 3.1µg/l had a mean equilibrium 14C- residue body burden of 0.44 mg/l, resulting in a BCF of 142 (Callahan et al., 1979).

 

The bio-uptake of 1,2,4-TCB from spiked sediment by oligochaete worms was studied using mainly Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The sediment with a 4.6% organic matter content was placed in water tanks at 3 kg (5-6 cm depth), spiked with 1,2,4-TCB and aged for 6 weeks before 13 g of worms (~7,000 worms/m2) were added. The exposure period was 79 days at 8°C and 20°C. After 4 and 79 days, the sediment concentration was 650 and 550 ng/kg dry weight. The exposed worms accumulation factor (worms / sediment) was 0.3 after 4 days and 0.2 after 79 days of exposure at 8°C. The water concentration was 1.8 ng/l after 14 days at 8°C and 2.5 ng/l at 20°C (Oliver, 1987).

 

Lipid normalised BCF

Studies on Jordanella floridae using the procedure proposed by ASTM in 1978 where the juvenile fish, 4 to 6 month-old and with a lipid content of 11.4% of total body weight were kept in a flow-through system at 25°C. At the test concentration 3.8µg/l during 28 days, the BCF based on the lipid content (BCFl) was 17,750 (Smith et al., 1990).

 

The study on carp (Cyprinus carpio) was performed as a flow through test according to OECD TG 305 C. The test concentrations were measured. The fish had a lipid content of 4.8% and based on this the maximum BCF of about 17,000 was found, compared with about 800 for the whole fish (Broecker et al., 1984). No time dependent increase was observed and the steady state is expected within 7 days.

 

Normalising the BCF based on wet weight with the fish lipid content, the data from several studies resulted in an average lipid content of 5.2% and a BCF 847 and an average BCFl (lipid) of 15,403 (BUA, 1987).

 

Field-measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs)

Field-measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) include site-specific considerations, e.g. food chain structure of the ecosystem, trophic level of the organisms of interest, and concentration of dissolved organic content (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the water. BAFs for 1,2,4-TCB have been measured in 4 species living in an American effluent/cooling water canal receiving discharge from a chemical manufacturing plant that produced a variety of synthetic organic chemicals (Burkhard et al., 1997). The results are presented as lipid-normalised BAFs and corrected by determining BAFs using only the freely dissolved concentrations of the chemicals in the water (BAFlfd). The water concentration ranged from 81.9 to 382 ng/l and averaged 269 ng/l. The sediment ranged from 2 to 299 mg/kg organic carbon and averaged 100 mg/kg organic carbon (Burkhard et al., 1997).

 

Accumulation in activated sludge

The bioconcentration in activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant was studied after aerobic degradation at low concentration (0.05 mg/l) with 5 days incubation. The bioconcentration factor (concentration in sludge/concentration in water) was 1,400 (Freitag et al., 1985).

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Secondary poisoning (EU RAR, page: 74)

A bioaccumulation potential is present and the BCF in fish is approximately 2,000 based on the whole body wet weight.1,2,4-TCB has potential for bioaccumulation, however due to the rapid depuration from fish (cf. Section 3.1.3.3) and mammals (cf. Section 4.1.2.1) the potential for biomagnification through the food chain may be low. There are no results on bird toxicity and therefore the effect on fish-eating birds cannot be considered. The same argument applies for birds eating earthworms.

Executive summary:

EU Risk Assessment, 2003 (part 1/2):

1,2,4-TCB has a log Kow of 4.05 indicating a bioaccumulation potential. This was confirmed by several tests on different fish species and other aquatic species. The bioconcentration factor BCF for fish/water (whole body) is according to the realistic worstcase concept approximately 2000.

 

Reference 3

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: BUA report

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

BUA report (1987):

 

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to "5.3.1, rel other, BUA report, 1987 (part 1/2)".

Executive summary:

BUA report (part 2/2):

This endpoint study record was only created for further reference entries (>10) belonging to "5.3.1, other, BUA report, 1987 (part 1/2)".

Reference 4

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species, other

Type of information:

other: BUA report

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

other: BUA report

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No reliability is given as this is a summary entry for the BUA report.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Principles of method if other than guideline:

BUA report

GLP compliance:

not specified

BUA report (1987):

 

The n-octanol/water distribution coefficient log Pow = 4.21 allows bioaccumulation to be expected.

Biological concentration factors of 50 - 2300 (Smith et al., 1981), calculated on fresh weight, and of up to 23790 (Geyer et al., 1985), calculated on fat content, have been found.

Executive summary:

BUA report, 1987 (part1/2):

The n-octanol/water distribution coefficient log Pow = 4.21 allows bioaccumulation to be expected.

Biological concentration factors of 50 - 2300 (Smith et al., 1981), calculated on fresh weight, and of up to 23790 (Geyer et al., 1985), calculated on fat content, have been found.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

abstract

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 305 C (Bioaccumulation: Test for the Degree of Bioconcentration in Fish)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

1.) concentration of test substance differed more than 20% of the mean of the measured values 2.) the lipid content of fish was only determined at the end of the test

GLP compliance:

yes

Radiolabelling:

no

Test organisms (species):

Cyprinus carpio

Route of exposure:

aqueous

Test type:

flow-through

Water / sediment media type:

natural water: freshwater

Total exposure / uptake duration:

56 d

Nominal and measured concentrations:

theoretic concentration in test chamber [mg/l] measured concentration in test chamber [mg/l]
0 (control) 0
0.01 0.00365
0.1 0.04165

Type:

BCF

Value:

830

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Conc.in environment / dose:0,004 mg/l

Type:

BCF

Value:

805

Basis:

whole body w.w.

Remarks on result:

other: Conc.in environment / dose:0,04 mg/l

Type:

BCF

Value:

17 303

Basis:

total lipid content

Remarks on result:

other: Conc.in environment / dose:0,004 mg/l

Type:

BCF

Value:

16 779

Basis:

total lipid content

Remarks on result:

other: Conc.in environment / dose:0,04 mg/l

An increase of the BCF during the time could not be shown. The authors guess that steady-state was already reached within the first seven days of testing. The depuration phase was not studied.

Executive summary:

Markert, 1984:

In an experimental study similar to OECD guideline 305C, the BCF value in Cyprinus carpio after exposure to 1,2,4-TCB over a period of 56d was determined at two dose levels:
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.004 mg/L : BCF values: 830 (whole body w.w.)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.04 mg/L : BCF values: 805 (whole body w.w.)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.004 mg/L : BCF values: 17303 (total liquid content)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.04 mg/L : BCF values: 16779 (total liquid content)

Description of key information

For transported isolated intermediates according to REACh, Article 18, this endpoint is not a data requirement. However, data is available for this endpoint and is thus reported under the guidance of "all available data".

EU Risk Assessment, 2003:
1,2,4-TCB has a log Kow of 4.05 indicating a bioaccumulation potential. This was confirmed by several tests on different fish species and other aquatic species. The bioconcentration factor BCF for fish/water (whole body) is according to the realistic worstcase concept approximately 2000.

BUA report, 1987:
The n-octanol/water distribution coefficient log Pow = 4.21 allows bioaccumulation to be expected. Biological concentration factors of 50 - 2300 (Smith et al., 1981), calculated on fresh weight, and of up to 23790 (Geyer et al., 1985), calculated on fat content, have been found.

Markert, 1984:
In an experimental study similar to OECD guideline 305C, the BCF value in Cyprinus carpio after exposure to 1,2,4-TCB over a period of 56d was determined at two dose levels:
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.004 mg/L : BCF values: 830 (whole body w.w.)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.04 mg/L : BCF values: 805 (whole body w.w.)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.004 mg/L : BCF values: 17303 (total liquid content)
Conc. In environment / dose: 0.04 mg/L : BCF values: 16779 (total liquid content)