Disulfiram

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

14 November 1983- 28 November 1983

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP-Guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Committee on Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms (C. E. Stephan, Chairman). 1975. Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Amphibians. Environmental Pro tection Agency, Ecological Research Series EPA-660/3-75-009

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Oxygen concentration in the TETD test concentrations was slightly lower than 40% (Guideline standard) at 96 hours (33%). However, this fact does not seem to have affected test results

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method:
Test concentrations were prepared based on the total compound.
The test concentrations were obtained by transferring appropriate aliquots of work stock directly to the test chambers.
The solvent control received an aliquot (1.0 ml) of acetone equivalent to that used in the highest test concentration.
The working solution was prepared in acetone.
- Controls: Yes
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution(s) including control(s)): 100% pure acetone solvent (stock solution)
and 53 mg/L (final test solution) on solvent control and the highest test concentration.

Test organisms (species):

Lepomis macrochirus

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Bluegill sunfish
- Source: Aquatic Control in Seymour, Indiana
- Lot number: ABC lot #4583
- All test fish were held in culture tanks on a 16 hour day-light photoperiod and observed for at least fourteen days prior to testing
- Daily record of fish observations during the holding period was performed
- Length of control group at test termination (length definition, mean, range and SD): 19 (±1.1) mm
- Weight of control group at test termination (mean and range, SD): 0.13 (±0.026) g

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 48 hours
- Acclimation conditions: same as test
- Type and amount of food: no food

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

255 ppm as CaCO3

Test temperature:

22°C (±1.0)

pH:

8.0-8.3

Dissolved oxygen:

9.4 - 3.8 mg/L (controls, 107 and 43% air saturation respectively)
9.4 - 2.9 mg/L (TETD treatment group, 33% air saturation)

Salinity:

Not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

0.010, 0.018, 0.032, 0.056 and 0.10 mg/L (nominal)

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: gallon glass vessels containing 15 liters
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 15 liters of solution
- No. of organisms per concentration: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): duplicates

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Well Water at ABC’s Aquatic Bioassay Laboratory:

Dissolved Oxygen: 9.3 ppm
pH: 8.2
Hardness (CaCO3): 255 ppm
Alkalinity (CaCO3): 368 ppm
Conductivity: 500 umhos/cm
Total Axmnonia (NE3): <0 10 ppm
N03-N: 0.15 ppm
Ortho-Phosphate: 0.10 ppm
Aluminum: <0.027 ppm
Arsenic: <0.0002 ppm
Cadmium: <0.0015 ppm
Chromium: <0.004 ppm
Cobalt: <0.005 ppm
Copper: <0.005 ppm
Iron: 0.056 ppm
Lead: 0.0083 ppm
Mercury: <0 0007 ppm
Nickel: <0 007 ppm
Silver: <0 006 ppm
Zinc: <0 013 ppm
Measured organophosphorus a
pesticides
Measured organochlonne a
pesticides plus PCB‘s

a lndividual analyses for these parameters were included in the final report of the study

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: ranging in a logarithmic series from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/l
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 0.012, 0.12 and 1.2 mg/l

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Antimycin A

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.075 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.061-0.092 mg/L

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.071 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.057-0.089 mg/L

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.067 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.032-0.1 mg/L

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: Some fish in the TETD concentrations of 0.018 through 0.10 exhibited abnormal effects of surfacing, loss of equilibrium and dark discoloration.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

- Results with reference substance valid? Yes
- LC50: 1.3 x 10E-4 mg/l (within the 95% confidence intervals reported in the literature)

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Mortality rates during the acute toxicity testTETD to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

	Percent mortality hours
Concentration (mg/l)	24 hours	48 hours	96 hours
Control	0	0	0
Solvent control	0	0	0
0.010	0	0	0
0.018	0	0	0
0.032	0	0	0
0.056	10	20	20
0.1	90	90	100

Dissolved oxygen saturation at the test temperature of 22°C is 8.8 mg/l and 21°C is 9.0 mg/l

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

07 November 1983-22 November 1983

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP-Guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Committee on Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms (C. E. Stephan, Chairman). 1975. Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Amphibians. Environmental Pro tection Agency, Ecological Research Series EPA—660/3-75-009

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Test organisms (species):

Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.27 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.18—0.56

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.22 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.10—0.32

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.22 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.10-0.32

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Mortality rates during the acute toxicity test of TETD to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

	Percent mortality hours
Concentration (mg/l)	24 hours	48 hours	96 hours
Control	0	0	0
Solvent control	0	0	0
0.056	0	0	0
0.1	0	0	0
0.18	0	20	20
0.32	80	100	100
0.56	100	100	100

Dissolved oxygen saturation at the test temperature of 12°C is 10.8 mg/l and 11°C is o 11.1 mg/l.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Non-GLP OECD guideline study, available as unpublished report, minor restrictions.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Test organisms (species):

Poecilia reticulata

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

187 µg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 153-229

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: OECD guideline study, published in literature, minor restrictions in reporting, but otherwise adequate for assessment

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

slight modifications

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Poecilia reticulata

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

0.32 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: 95% CL: 0.24-0.43

Description of key information

LC50 (96h) = 0.067 mg/L (Lepomis macrochirus)

Additional information

The acute toxicity of disulfiram (CAS No. 97-77-8) to fish species was investigated in two studies. McAllister and Cohle (1983; key study) tested the effects of this substance on Lepomis macrochirus, following US EPA-660/3-75-009 Guideline, Methods for Acute Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates and Amphibians (1975), under GLP conditions. After 96 hours of exposure, lethal and sublethal effects were observed, resulting in a LC50 = 0.067 mg/L. An additional test (McAllister and Cohle, 1983; Balk, 1991) conducted with another freshwater fish species reported a 96h-LC50 of 0.22 mg/L.