2,9-bis(2-phenylethyl)anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone

Specific investigations: other studies

Administrative data

Endpoint:

specific investigations: other studies

Remarks:

Biodurability and biodissolution in phagolysosomal simulant fluid

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

2022

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2022

Report date:

2022

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ISO:TR19057:2017

Version / remarks:

Nti 2017, Nanotechnologies - Use and application of acellular in vitro tests and methodologies to assess nanomaterial biodurability

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: OECD draft TG on “solubility in aqueous media”

Version / remarks:

restricted to the „screening method“

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The solubility of the test item was determined by a static and a dynamic dissolution test after pre-treatment steps for purification of the samples.
Because the test item is handled as powder, the human exposure to dust is considered the most critical scenario, so that dissolution needed to be tested in fluids that are relevant for inhalation. pH 4.5 phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF) was selected as recommended by ISO:TR19057:2017 (Nti, 2017, Nanotechnologies. Use and application of acellular in vitro tests and methodologies to assess nanomaterial biodurability).

For the static solubility experiment, the test material was suspended in a pH 4.5 phagolysosomal simulant fluid in a Schott glass bottle and dispersed by continuous ultrasonication during 5 h, followed by shaking to ensure homogeneity for a total incubation of 24 h. After filtration, the dissolved fractions were detected by UV-Vis.

For the dynamic dissolution kinetic experiment, a continuous flow-through system was applied with the test material captured in a flow cell method to determine the biodissolution of materials in relevant lung fluids. The flow cell mimics the non-equilibrium physiological conditions, where ions can be transported away from the lungs. The tempered medium was regulated at a constant flowrate by a pump at 37°C for 7 days and the fluid collection was performed with an autosampler. The particle size was analyzed by UV-Vis.

GLP compliance:

no

Type of method:

other: in chemico

Endpoint addressed:

basic toxicokinetics

repeated dose toxicity: inhalation

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

2,9-bis(2-phenylethyl)anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone

EC Number:

266-564-7

EC Name:

2,9-bis(2-phenylethyl)anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetrone

Cas Number:

67075-37-0

Molecular formula:

C40H26N2O4

IUPAC Name:

7,18-bis(2-phenylethyl)-7,18-diazaheptacyclo[14.6.2.2²,⁵.0³,¹².0⁴,⁹.0¹³,²³.0²⁰,²⁴]hexacosa-1(23),2,4,9,11,13,15,20(24),21,25-decaene-6,8,17,19-tetrone

Test material form:

solid: nanoform, no surface treatment

Details on test material:

- State of aggregation: solid, powder
- Particle size distribution (TEM): 83.2 nm (D50)
- Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): not specified
- Geometric standard deviation (GSD): not specified
- Shape of particles: spherical
- Surface area of particles: 32 m²/g
- Crystal structure: crystalline
- Coating: no
- Surface properties: not applicable
- Density: 1427 kg/m³ at 20°C
- Moisture content: refer to IUCLID chapter 1
- Residual solvent: refer to IUCLID chapter 1
- Activation: not applicable
- Stabilisation: not applicable
- Median Aspect Ratio of 2.2:1

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Batch identification: 10-0015
Supplier: BASF Colors & Effects
CAS No.: 67075-37-0
Purity: ≥97%
Date of production: 16.8.2010

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

other: test material is in direct contact to the phagolysosomal simulant fluid

Vehicle:

other: phagolysosomal simulant fluid (pH 4.5)

Details on exposure:

- For static solubility experiment, the medium contained sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous (Na2HPO4) 142.0 mg/l; sodium chloride (NaCl) 6650 mg/l; sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) 71 mg/l; calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2. 2H2O) 29 mg/l; glycine (C2H5NO2) 450 mg/l (as representative of organic acids); potassium hydrogen phthalate (1-(HO2C)–2-(CO2K)–C6H4) 4085 mg/l (as ion scavenger); alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride (ABDC) 50 ppm (as antifungal agent); NaN3 20 mg/l; conditions at 37 ± 0.5°C.

- For dynamic dissolution kinetic experiment, the medium contained sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous (Na2HPO4) 142.0 mg/l; sodium chloride (NaCl) 6650 mg/l; sodium sulphate anhydrous (Na2SO4) 71 mg/l; calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) 29 mg/l; glycine (C2H5NO2) 450 mg/l (as representative of organic acids); potassium hydrogen phthalate (1-(HO2C)–2-(CO2K)–C6H4) 4085 mg/l (as ion scavenger); alkylbenzyl-dimethylammonium chloride (ABDC) 50 ppm (as antifungal agent). The pH is adjusted by 0.1 m HCl to pH 4.5.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Duration of treatment / exposure:

static solubility experiment: 24 hours; dynamic dissolution kinetic experiment: 7 days

Frequency of treatment:

one treatment

Details on study design:

Pre-treatment:
- To avoid false positive results (detection of additives, impurities, etc.) pigments were purified by sequential solvent washes: first methanol/toluol (80/20), then n-octanol, finally methanol.
- For each solvent the pigment was shaken for 2 hours at room temperature, recovered by centrifugal pelletting (20,000rpm, 1h), and dried under vacuum (100 torr, 90°C, 1h).
- The solvent extracts were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and discarded.
- Purified pigment samples were used for solubility tests.

Static solubility experiment:
- 1 mg of test substance were suspended in 100 g of the PSF medium in a Schott glass bottle and were dispersed by continuous ultrasonication during 5 h, followed by shaking to ensure homogeneity for a total incubation of 24 h
- The resulting concentration of 10 mg/L was in the range advised for nanomaterial testing by the OECD GD 318 (2020)
- After 24 h, the medium was filtered through a 1 µm glass filter directly followed by a 0.02 µm (= 20 nm) alumina membrane (both of these filter stages are inorganic)
- Thereafter, the filtrates were analyzed by UV-Vis
- Blank controls (no pigment in the dissolution setup) and medium controls (pure medium) were conducted

Dynamic dissolution kinetic experiment:
- Implementaiton of the Continous Flow System (ISO19057:2017), described by Koltermann-Juelly et al. 2018
- Amount of test item: 10 mg solids per flow cell at 2 mL/h fluid flow
- Number of trials: a single flow-cell with up to 14 eluate samplings
- Duration, temperature: the test was performed at 37 ± 0.5 °C for 7 days
- The detection of dissolved fractions provides the ng/cm²/h metric recommended by Oberdörster et al., is grouped in decadic ranges (Koltermann-Jülly et al. 2018). The detection was adapted to organic substances by using UV-Vis spectrometry.

- Oberdörster, G. and T. A. J. Kuhlbusch (2018). "In vivo effects: Methodologies and biokinetics of inhaled nanomaterials." NanoImpact 10(Supplement C): 38-60.
- Koltermann-Jülly, J., J. G. Keller, A. Vennemann, K. Werle, P. Müller, L. Ma-Hock, R. Landsiedel, M. Wiemann and W. Wohlleben (2018). "Abiotic dissolution rates of 24 (nano)forms of 6 substances compared to macrophage-assisted dissolution and in vivo pulmonary clearance: Grouping by biodissolution and transformation." NanoImpact 12: 29-41.

Examinations

Examinations:

UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to analyse dissolved fractions that resulted a) from the sample preparation by impurity extraction solvents in methanol/toluene (80:20), n-octanol and methanol, and b) from the filtered physiological fluids during static or dynamic dissolution testing.
The extracted solvents and the filtered physiological fluids were assessed without dilution, to identify extracted impurities.

- The general procedure followed “UV-VIS Absorption Spectra (spectrophotometric method)”, OECD guideline for Testing of Chemicals, guideline 101, adopted 12th May 1981
- Spectrophotometer: Agilent Cary 5000
- Wavelength range: 200-800 nm
- Cell type: quartz, a) 10.0 mm b) 50.0 mm (to optimize detection down to 0.005 absorbance units)
- Calibration of UV-Vis at peak pigment wavelength for quantification of the dissolved material was performed by dissolving the pigment in concentrated sulfuric acid to get the mass attenuation coefficient
- Blank controls (no test item in the dissolution setup) and medium controls (pure medium) were conducted.
- Limit of Detection (LoD): 0.005 absorbance units
- Limit of Quantification (with the specific attenuation coefficient): 0.01 mg/L

Results and discussion

Details on results:

By-products of the test item were removed by extraction with solvents applying the ETAD method 229. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the extractables did not match the absorption of the test item, indicating that impurities that were chemically not identical to the test item, were successfully removed.
The test item showed a soluble fraction of less than 0.01 mg/L, corresponding to less than 0.1% dissolved fraction and is therefore regarded as insoluble in the static dissolution assay.
Furthermore, the test item showed a dissolution rate of less than 0.001 ng/cm²/h. The test item is also considered as insoluble in the dynamic dissolution assay.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Results with detection by UV-Vis

	Static dissolution, PSF shaker, dissolved fraction		Dynamic dissolution, Max observed concentration	Dynamic PSF dissolution rate k	Categorization
Test item	<0.01 mg/L	<0.1%	0.001 mg/L	< 0.001 ng/cm²/h	insoluble
Blank control	< 0.1 mg/L	-
Medium control	< 0.1 mg/L	-

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

The test item was identified as insoluble.

Executive summary:

The static solubility was examined by suspending the test item in phagolysosomal simulant fluid at pH 4.5 for 24h. Thereafter the dissolved fractions were detected by UV-Vis. The test item was insoluble with less than 0.1% dissolved fraction.

The dynamic dissolution assay is an abiotic flow-through method to determine the biodissolution of materials in relevant lung fluids. The flow cell mimics the non-equilibrium physiological conditions, where ions can be transported away from the lungs. A phagolysosomal simulant media with a low pH value (4.5) was used because alveolar macrophages collect and engulf the vast majority of inhaled pulverulent particles from the alveolar surface, and rapidly transfer them into acidic phagolysosomes. The test was performed over seven days, at 37°C. The test item was insoluble with dissolution rates below 0.001 ng/cm²/h.